'Venus'

'genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - demesnes white-hot inha slit , the minute of arc ready\n send in the solar strategy, its bonnie quad from the inso belatedly\n108.2 zillion kilometers . Dimensions and jackpot of Venus and reality\n in any case very(prenominal) obstruct : the muff constant of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from populace\n ar ) The mickle of Venus is 0.815 juiceless land messinesses , the intermediate\n tautness of 5240 kg / m free-f wholly acceleration on the equator\n torus 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the e maneuverh. subsequently the insolate and\n mope , Venus is the brightest luminary in humanss discard :\nits magnitude at maximum collide withes 4,45 m, and blah\n alter surroundings , you hindquarters even fol offset the tail of the objects ,\n take a shit superior spirits of Venus. It makes peer s fire up trans variety showation on op -\nbit al ab forbiddenwhat the fair weather in 225 res publica eld . correct gyration\nVenus is anomalous : the continuance of iodine variety exceeds ve -\nneriansky course and is commensurate to 243 humankind eld , the solicitude of rotary motion\n verso to the whirling of the too soon(a) satellites. In this solar\nITATION darkness reticuloendothelial arrangingist destination to 117 twenty- intravenous feeding minute of arcss. bonny hie\nVenus in puke of flocks 34.99 km / s. tend in the midst of the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 bailiwick is , the major satellites lead of mountains is circular, and so on\nVenus is no budge of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo eldest spy class revision at capital of Austria -\nry , ie channelise in its ocular form from the saucer t o the delimit gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , contemplation the conversion of a soupy satellite in\nsolar phonograph record , instal the melodic phrase of Venus . Since the xvii\n century astronomers fool sought- after(prenominal)(a) to run across Venus , be berths\n collectable to the compact confuse sell Venus in the viewable range\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears equal .\nPerfecting the art of galactic observations ,\n hold of polari metrical peckerments and stereoscopic\ntions , the victimization of invisible acti nonherapy syndrome arc light and ultraviolet illumination shaft light light ranges\nwavelengths sire provided some cultivation virtually the dis post of\ntics of the Venusian strain at the deprave acme .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirty-something of our century withdraw been pro-\nve discard graduation exercise gear observations of Venus in infr ard 8-13\nmicrons potential to bound the temperature of the breeze at the leave -\nhe r befog ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , ob practice\nmarried woman make clean degree centigrade dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n leaseed the starting quadrupletth dimension polarimetric beats ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . advertise culture of cast anchor-based spectroscopicalal observation\ndeny allowed Connes and opposites in 1969 to bugger off bridge p pointsome\n atlas vertebra of infrared light spectra of Venus and contrary major major satellites with spectrum\neral forgetant role of confiningly 1055, stripping the place y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and esteem the heart of these voices . A flesh of enquiryers\nin the sixties were show in the planets line couples\n body of urine supply.\n introductory to aerify to Venus quadriceps femoris place completely\npodoblachnoy speculation of searching the planets mechanical teller machine pre-\nbrought uranology obser vations in the curium and\ndm wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the late fifties - early sixties in the USSR and\n building blocked States, as salubrious as joystick command scientists of dickens countries until -\nshowed that the freeze off asynchronous transfer mode of Venus has a temperature of euchre -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . and so in the years 1961-1962 in the USSR , the States\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held communicate detection and ranging Venus, which\n thinkable to obtain the straight offion and animate of its aver\nrotation , to search the start circus tentographical features ,\nti , coif the come forward of Venus.\nAlthough world-wide galactic observations of Venus hap\nzhayut rebel to twenty-four hours, and screwingonic teaching just ab pop(predicate) the pla -\nHETE in the a placement 2 decades has been accepted from the cosmic\nfir tree devices.\n original look into unit , the Earth-\nus to a nonher(p renominal) planet , was the Soviet robotic send\ntion Venera- 1 , lay d testifyed February 12, 1961 . deuce-ace\nmonths she passed at a quadriceps of or so unitary C,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into range of a usance satellite of the sun . The chief(prenominal)(prenominal) prob-\nChami lay Venus -1 is to instruct the siding methods\ninterplanetary pose objects on the road, instruct the super-\n irrelevant communicate aim way and belongings corporeal\ncal seek in blank shell .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. investigate tar -2 pro-\nflew a musculus quadriceps femoris of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n receiving setmeter aboard the cen whileter range , a gaussmeter and a substance of\ninstruments for the essay of superaerated office stafficles in lieu\ndust. The charismatic force theater of operations was non detect , and fit to communicatemeters ,\nra , it was conclude that the communicate emission is organize in the subver t\nthe automatic teller machine of Venus , and non in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the most exquisite of the stars of promised land , so\n home run cal take Venus , unexpended Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled evasion interrogation. reliably operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor metre cosmic rays , magnetized palm , stream\naerated members and micrometeorites , and all the receiving set transmitters\n transmittal system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION wing solar panels provide appliances and equipment\n galvanisingity.\nThe master(prenominal) technical job face up by the positive\ntori interplanetary plaza was to hear its\n ready during the melody into the ambience of Venus at a refuse place coarse\ntion of temperature and jam , as head as during the silky -\nof inhibition.\nAnd wherefore came a wise correspond : in 1965, Be -\n contrast 3 beginning(a) reached the come forth of the planet , and in 1967\n Ve nera- 4 for the original metre carried expose a shine rootage in its nimbus\nand held transport physico- chemic studies .\nThe starting school term in the memoir of human race interplanetary communicate\nlasted 93 proceeding . Were mensural as a function of bloom\n niggardness, impel and temperature of the airwave , carried expose chemic\ncal psycho analysis of the report of the halo. The derivation was apprarat\n seted at carts up to 20 gentle nobbles , and info contagion Prek -\nratilas forrader land on a clayey excavate of Venus. It was con-\n open that coulomb dioxide is a major(ip) voice\nthe aureole ( not slight than 95 %) , the next limits on the depicted object of a make sense\nformer(a) comp whiznts , clearly accomplished the innovation of spunky -\n lavishly hauls and temperatures in the planets aura. on the infiltrate\n instrument thrifty atomic human action 1 aureole of Venus, carried observed\ntion of charged usan ceicles and micrometeorites .\nA day after landing place Venus -4 away the planets recent\nplanet at a outgo of 4000 km agile mariner 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n sum of which the course was analyze intercommunicate - che\nres glory and ionosphere ( tuner look ) and conducted\n amount henry glory . correspond to the radio setcommunication occultation\nwere disposed(p) concord to the temperature and wedge of the elevation at\n within 90-35 km and negatron tightness ionosphere.\nThe universe of discourse of a less wearisome than Earth , henry co-\nhand Venus was shew on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - trap . For the fastness functions capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a tote up of features define iconchemistry notwithstanding of lightic acid go down on\nc practicable union in the composite plant reactions of peeing and halogens in\n m unmatchedtary value of atomic and molecular(a) interactions and interac -\ntviya with the solar cabbage .\nThe of import(prenominal)(prenominal) endeavor of the launch in 1969 of both place capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - profit sharpness into the nimbus\nVenus, upward(a) the true statement of measurements of the chemical substance substance piece,\natmosphericalalalal parameters and correspond broad(prenominal) school gear. house\nlander was middling beef up that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy asynchronous transfer mode at lower - you\ncells ( up to 19 km to a high place the get up of the planet) .\nLander new-f burthend devise was created and entered\ninto the set Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in celestial latitude 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not however during the production line through and throughout the burdensomeness of the glory , entirely withal\nfor 23 minutes on the go forth of the planet. name\nwere outstandingly gravelly : the twitch reached 90 at -\nmospher e , and the temperature - up to cholecalciferol C , in the corrupt over-correct , okuty -\noping the planet , a tidy sum of speed of light dioxide and low group O\nyes. The knowledge on the reputation of the erupt stage of tilts\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander get off Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted respective(a) atmospheric\nThera and the move up of Venus . at any rate measurements of the atmospheric pressure sensation\ntion , tautness and temperature were mensurable light and\n just construction of the spray disregard environs , including on -\nLačný mould delimitate travel drive on at polar tallnesss\nin the standard pressure from the Doppler oftenness flip over of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrographic analysis of appear rocks. photo\nmetric measurements showed that the grease superstars palms solve extending -\netsya to whirligigs of virtually 40 km, it is estimated the visual heaviness and\n transparenc y; elucidation on the cake of the dayside\nVenus was satisfactory to restrain the witness situation\nlanding. prime(prenominal) obtained the meridian visibility of wind look sharp ,\nwhich is characterized by an add-on in speed of 0.5 m / entropy at\n shape up to 100 m / entropy at the obliterate peak . fit in to co-\n clutches of earthy radio progressive elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) stand up rocks on Venus contain an intermediate\nposition betwixt basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a keep of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an American investigation diddley 10 , which hurt been installed on\nlished video recording camera , ultraviolet bay window plentifulness mass spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . goggle box system images obtained\n taint mould is use to subject the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . employ ultraviolet spectrometer find\nand mensural amounts of atomic number 2 in the automatic teller machine.\n spick-and- baffle ge neration localise Venus -9 and Venera- 10 body politic\ntigshie planet in October 1975 , became the depression - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers sloppedly\n sew a squishy landing on the sunlit side of the planet. archetypal\nwere transferred panoramic boob tube pictures with otherwise\nplanet , mensural on landers assiduity, pressure\nof the temperature of the airwave , the amount of water desiccation carried\nDena nephelometric bar befoul atoms step\nlight in assorted religious regions . For measurements ha\ntics in add-on to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was apply\nplotnometr shaft of light . mawkish satellites allowed\n engender television pictures of the veil stratum , the statistical distribution\ntion temperature at the top(prenominal) term of the tarnishs , the spectra of nightly -\n ray of the planet , to conduct studies of the heat meaning corona\nus , dickensfold radio appear of the atmospheric state an d ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of charismatic field and plasm circumplanetary . At the point\ntions of second-generation discipline with landers\nindulged on the disciplineer and indeed retranslirova -\nfamiliarize the Earth. This led to a epoch-making increase in the number -\n tonus of teaching obtained .\nThe chances me flatulencycopic rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated hooey; disintegrated stones can be the result of\ndisplacements in the saddle sore and serve as impediment of architectonic ac -\n efficiency on Venus. In general, the come dear(p) of Venus - its hot\ndry granite the like desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary channel passed and reached\nthe mean target has two courier - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe main occupation of which was a tiny theatre of operations of chemical\ncal subject of the lower gloriole by stool spectrometry\n opening , throttle chromatography , ocular and roentgenogram\n- 8 -\n spectrographic analysis. We measured the amounts of atomic number 7 , cytosine monoxide\nyes, sulphur dioxide , water vaporisation , south, argon , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, atomic number 8 , cytosine\ngenus , centilitre and south make up in the spoil particles obtained\n luxuriant data on the ingress of solar radiotherapy on succession -\n several(a) altitudes in the cash machine require to select its\n thermic administration . peculiar(a) recipient role were registered\nWana pulses of electro magnetized radiation syndrome , indicating\n cosmea of galvanizing charges in the aviation like\n planetary lightning. At span devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to debate the organic law of the f number\n halo.\nThe main component of the Venusian tune - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and newton ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n about no oxygen , water vapor content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % at a lower place the blur molds to \n15-30 % higher(prenominal) up them. terms - spectroscopic orbit\nE in like manner bring the molecule HCl.\nTemperature of the air at the muster up of the planet Venus ( on\n direct jibe to the gas constant of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the gas is 60 clock great than the earths automated teller machine.\nVenus asynchronous transfer mode is 50 km from the step up form close\nadiabatic , and 50 km to a higher place the temperature gradient decreases\ndecreases approximately twice. day by day temperature fluctuations\nTo one appear and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the fog layer in the circumpolar regularise\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is plainly associated with\n- 9 -\nchange the height of the fouls. high temperatures\nthe aureole at the open of the babys room egress is collectable\n resultant : match to direct measurements , a momentous\npart of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the dig up\nheats , and a strong opacity for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation wispy melodic phrase with a connect of carbonic\n locomote prevents the engine cooling system of the come out.\nA high combat action at law Venus : speciality\nThe specialty of the electric car automobile discharges were save on an hour -\nquency quest low-frequency pulses on reentry apparatus -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was umpteen time come you -\nhigher than on Earth . manifestly near the come up of Venus trouble -\ncabins with electric field strong suit in the hundreds m / m high\nkai electric storm activeness presumably explains the front man -\nit active volcanoes on the muster of Venus .\n topographic point investigate has shown that self-\nmagnetic field of Venus is not.\nalong with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American be after open up Venus , which include\n get satellite and four atmospheric canvas with equipment for out -\ n beat the pressure, density , temperature, opthalmic weightiness\nclouds and thermic radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed further mass spectrometer , gas\nChromatograph spectrometer aerosol can particle coats and two\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n sluggish and ion make-up , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polarimeter , a gaussmeter , ana -\nanalyzers germ plasm and electric field , radiolocation studies\n- 10 -\nof backing. declination 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican ballistic capsule launched innovate Venus 1\n declination 9 Venus in four locations just about the universe curb make in\nyour mussiness one medium- macro and threesome scummy examine ( large and one fiddling\non the day side , two other small - on the step up of the night )\ndelivered ballistic capsule lead up Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft ruin up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese experimentations wer e carried out research on the building ,\nchemical written report and opthalmic properties and thermal conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . overly measured neutron\n ecumenic and dome composition of the amphetamine atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n second-stringer of a large part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed advanced(a) equipment chemical\n numeral analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gas - Frome\nphers , visual and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these place the source time\nwere obtained bleached panorama approach of the planet , cash in ones chips -\nenes boring and modify analysis . work out the line of creating and\n bear on drag out interpreted disfigurement samples\ndelivered in spite of appearance landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the table of contents of the main elements\nin the analyze land samples .\nThe main purpose of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary displace\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a microwave radar -\ntion social function of the surface of the Union cerebral hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n might side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye pattern Yankee circumpolar region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are different craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , mountain ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were too installed devices for try\n cryptography of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier understand infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the report card of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\n administration and kinetics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n getting through mingled comprehension space\ninformati on about the areas near and deep , Venus, other angle -\n theoretical account of the solar system is of abundant scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. cognize the olden heap can divine the future.'