The Community vs The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA)

Abraham Lincoln said, You can please some of the people some of the time, altogether of the people some of the time, some of the people all of the time, but you can never please all of the people all of the time. This rings true, especially when diametrical groups of people are trying to reach a consensus. Every organization has its own set of stakeholders, all with their own opinions, thoughts, and ideas of how things should be. Many organizations do not divvy up their stakeholders in their decision-making process. However, for those who want to be seen as a good neighbor, it is a constant challenge to incorporate the communitys wishes while still adjacent their own agendas in an effort to maintain a collegial, collaborative environment.The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA), is a self-supporting agency that is responsible for the operation of Reagan content Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport. It was formed in 1987, through an act of Congress, and is governed by a seventeen-member board of directors, with members appointed by the president, the governors of Maryland and Virginia, and the city manager of the District of the Columbia. It does not receive taxpayer money, but generates funds from aircraft landing fees, passenger facility charges, bonds, federal and state airport improvement program funds, and the rents and revenues from the concessions that operate inwardly the two airports.In 2008, the Commonwealth of Virginia transferred the control, maintenance, and daily operation of the Dulles Toll Road to MWAA. The reason for this transfer was so the tolls collected could help finance the edifice of the Silver Line, an extension of the Washington, D.C. Metrorail system. T... ...n participation in decision making Is it worth the effort? Public Administration Review 64(1), 55-65. doi 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004. 00346.xJulian, D. A., Reischl, T. M., Carrick, R. V., & Katrenich, C. (1997). Citizen part icipation lessons from a local anaesthetic United Way planning process. Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(3), 345-355. doi 10.1080/01944369708975927Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority. (November 14, 2012). Airports Authority cites progress in addressing audit findings by tester General Policy revisions focus on procurement, human resources. Retrieved from http//www.mwaa.com/5591.htm.Sherfinski, D. (2011, July 20). Airports board approves above-ground Dulles Metro station. The Washington Times. Retrieved from http//www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/ jul/20/mwaa-approves-plan-above-ground-dulles-metrorail-s/print/

Ghost Story of Manresa Castle at Port Townsend, Washington :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Manresa citadel at Port Townsend, capital letterThe tosh I was told concerns the Manresa Castle at Port Townsend, in Washington State. The myth surrounding the castle is the usual belief that the castle is haunted. People go to the castle just to get word the cries and feel the tingles of staying there over night. People have also reported that when they have taken pictures while they stay there, they will be surrounded by glowing orbs in the background.The tosh pertaining to this castle I first heard in a coffee house on Capitol Hill, in Seattle, Washington. Capitol Hill is cognize for being the stomping grounds of a wide variety of people. There are bohemians, hippies, homeless people, drag queens, and lots of college students due to the fact that there are fiver colleges in the city of Seattle alone. It is also not so full of tourists, who spend more of their time at Pikes Place Market (also said to be haunted) and the Center. I spoke to the storyteller around two in t he afterwardnoon on Friday, March 23rd during my spring break. She works at a local infirmary and is finishing up medical school. She is recently married, twenty-four years old, and she grew up in West Seattle. Her mom is Ukrainian and is the principal of an elementary school. She knows of the story after hearing it from fellow students at the University of Washington, where she went for her undergraduate studies. The story was told during a regular hangout, by a girl from a town near Port Townsend. The psyche I heard the story from doesnt really pay the myth and ghost story idea any attention because of its common presence in that area. Washington state is a region known as the Haunted North West. Capitol Hill has so many ghosts that companies offer ghost tours year round.During the telling of the story there were no meaningful gestures, just pauses when the storyteller couldnt remember certain details, or when she wanted to take more sips of her macchiato. The storyteller did not relate the story with intonation or pitch changes, nor did her rate change. It was more like the stating of facts she knew.Hmm, one that is still going strong is about well I dont remember the make believe but its this castle in Port Townsend, overlooking the bay.

Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay -- Philosophy Ethics Essays

morals as Politics On Aristotelian Ethics and its ContextABSTRACT This paper argues that the assertion of Nicomachean Ethics I.ii that the art that treats of morals is administration is to be understood properly not in the sense of politics qua nomothetike just just as politike, i.e., direct, participatory politics as was enjoyed in the Athenian polis and as the formed background to Aristotles philosophizing on the nature of ethics. The ethical import of politics can be retrieved from Aristotles Ethics (in both versions) and Politics by dwelling on the connection of eudaimonia and benevolentitys function as such. Aristotle does not construe this function as contemplation but rather as the practical application of reason-reason leading to action. This, however, is the subject of politics. This specific human function, the function that makes us homo sapiens, can not be displayed in rule-be-ruled institutions such as the oikos (household) since such institutions and their collater al behaviors are predetermined based on rank or role. But achieving the distinctively human telos requires that such rule-be-ruled relations and behaviors be transcended since those relations and behaviors exclude the free exercise of deliberative intelligence.I begin with a proposition that ethics (in the classical sense) (1) requires politics as the venue of its implementation indeed, that ethics in a fundamental sense is politics. Ethics is politics inasmuch as the achievement of human happinessthe operation of the soul in accordance with excellency, lasting a lifetimeis public, both in that the achievement requires the presence of co-equals as the condition of its emergence, and in the sense that the excellence achieved (ones character) is public... ... modern metaphor for the political and ethical consequences of lapsing into a state of nature the history of the Bounty mutineers (1789 and following) and their settlement of Pitcairn Island and the ensuing rapid self-destructio n of the swelled male population until, within four years of the settlements founding, only four men and ten women remained alive, and within a further seven-spot years, all remaining men had been murdered except for one who was left as sole adult male dominating a community of females and juveniles. (23) The absence of a hierarchy of rivals refers to practices within a given sport category competitors within a given Class A league are co-equalsbut this does not imply the exclusion of other (higher or lower) sport categories (e.g., AA vs. A or AAA vs. AA) based on such factors as competitors size, size of competitor pool, and so on.

Gewirth and Nagel :: Alan Gewirth Thomas Nagel Rights Essays

Gewirth and NagelOne difference between Alan Gewirths defense of one-man rule and that offered by Thomas Nagel is that Nagel concedes that it prat be wrong to fail to violate lordly prohibitions (or absolute rights) in order to prevent catastrophic consequences whereas Gewirth does not. Explain what you consider as the most important advantages and disadvantages of each authors position. Which one has the more compelling defense of absolutism?Rights delineate a space nigh individuals that must be respected. The study of rights is a struggle to understand how rights may be prioritized, and in what cases the interests of someone may overcome the rights of another. Gewirth and Nagel are both ask whether there are rights which may not be overridden, even in the case where it seems that overriding them would serve some greater common good. They call these rights absolute. Gewirth is attempting to steer that there are such rights, and that respecting them does not conflict wit h the rights of others. Nagel, on the other hand, believes that some situations require the violation of the rights of one or another, and argues that absolutism can house important criteria attempts for determining how to evaluate claims in such events. Gewirths conclusion rests upon a strict delineation of responsibility, so that a responsible actor can always be identified for a violation of rights, and other actors can always avoid violating anothers absolute right. This formulation appears to be in like manner strong. It is also limited in that it requires the identification of an actor there are situations in which it offers us no help in evaluating right action. But, while Gewirths formulation is problematic in practice, it is powerful in that it offers a coherent, consistent defense of absolute rights.Nagel is not interested in justifying absolute rights, but in articulating actions that are prohibited. His belief is that the world is an imperfect place that fear and human cruelty will always present difficult moral situations, and that therefore, establishing criteria to deal with these less(prenominal) than ideal situations is essential. He also argues, unlike Gewirth, that one can be confronted with two choices, both of whose outcomes are bad, and for both of which one bears responsibility. Thus, he asks, when both respecting and violating an absolute right are wrong, what is the morally right thing to do?

Descartes And The Existence Of a Supreme Being :: essays research papers

Upon cursory examination, one might assume that Rene Descartes is a &8220non-believer in the existence of a heavenly being, a God that presides over humans and gives us faith. However, this is simply not the case &8211 Descartes is simply trying to destroy all of the uncertainties that piss come about by the attempted scientific explanations of such a supreme being. For Rene Descartes and all of the other believers in the world, the existence of God provides a cheery answer to unexplained questions, while never providing answers to the questions about God himself. This is evidenced a great deal in the circular argument made by Descartes in the Meditations on First Philosophy. What follows is a brief account of the third and fifth meditations, which provide Descartes&8217 response to the masked question, &8220What is God?Can one get the picture or confirm the existence of an root word that is external to him, an idea such as God? In order to determine the answer we must mother by understanding the ways in which we can conclude an objects&8217 existence. Descartes explains three ways in which a person might come to such a conclusion &8211 the first, through nature the second, through feeling a value that is independent of the will of the object and the third, the objective reality of an idea, or the &8220cause and outlet profile. The third point is the one that we will primarily spend our time with.Descartes drills us with the idea that an object will have an effect when it stems from a legitimise cause, or an initial idea that precedes with equal or superior properties in one&8217s intellect. In other words, the mind generates thoughts and ideas about a corporal form, and develops a reality for this form, through previous schema and beliefs.&8220And although an idea may give rise to another idea, this regress cannot, nevertheless, be infinite we must in the end reach a first idea, the cause of which is, as it were, the archetype in which all the realit y that is found objectively in these ideas is contained formally.The only line with Descartes&8217 argument is when the existence of God arises as a notion, for there is no sustenance or idea for the notion of God to originate from. Is it possible, then, to create the idea of a finite being from an infinite existence, outside of the physical and mental, in a state all of it&8217s own?

Descartes And The Existence Of a Supreme Being :: essays research papers

Upon cursory examination, one might assume that Rene Descartes is a &8220non-believer in the existence of a heavenly being, a God that presides over humans and gives us faith. However, this is simply not the case &8211 Descartes is simply trying to destroy all of the uncertainties that have come about by the attempted scientific explanations of such(prenominal) a supreme being. For Rene Descartes and all of the other believers in the world, the existence of God provides a convenient answer to unexplained questions, while never providing answers to the questions about God himself. This is prove a great deal in the circular argument made by Descartes in the Meditations on First Philosophy. What follows is a brief account of the deuce-ace and fifth meditations, which provide Descartes&8217 response to the masked question, &8220What is God?Can one perceive or confirm the existence of an idea that is external to him, an idea such as God? In order to determine the answer we must start b y understanding the ways in which we can conclude an objects&8217 existence. Descartes explains iii ways in which a person might come to such a conclusion &8211 the first, through nature the second, through feeling a rank that is independent of the will of the object and the third, the objective reality of an idea, or the &8220cause and effect profile. The third point is the one that we will primarily spend our term with.Descartes drills us with the idea that an object will have an effect when it stems from a legitimate cause, or an initial idea that precedes with equal or superior properties in one&8217s intellect. In other words, the mind generates thoughts and ideas about a physical form, and develops a reality for this form, through previous schema and beliefs.&8220And although an idea may give rise to another idea, this regress cannot, nevertheless, be infinite we must in the end reach a first idea, the cause of which is, as it were, the prototype in which all the reality that is found objectively in these ideas is contained formally.The only problem with Descartes&8217 argument is when the existence of God arises as a notion, for there is no sustenance or idea for the notion of God to originate from. Is it possible, then, to create the idea of a finite being from an infinite existence, outside of the physical and mental, in a state all of it&8217s own?

Legal, Safety, Regulatory Essay

Human resources must abide by legal regulations and sentry go laws, along with regulations requirements. This is set in place for organizations to avoid litigation. The employee-related regulations have been naturalised by the United States including Department of Labor, the U. S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, The Ameri keisters with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Department of Homeland Security. The main focus of these regulations is to prevent any carriage from acting biased or irrationally. As a result, leafy vegetable sense and compassion have been replaced by litigation. What managers and employees fear the most is being sued.Managers will wee-wee special efforts to prevent such situations from occurring. Some managers will neglect high stress levels of their employees and lack the proper attention to legitimately discontented and unhappy employees. This throws common sense and compassion out the door. Compassion is the workplace amplifies the morale and enthus iasm of the employees along with cooperation where people are actually open to help and not bm quickly into suing and organization. Experiencing compassion at work generates positive emotion and, in turn, shapes employees long-term attitudes and behaviors.Positive emotions generated by compassion have a cascading effect on employees attitudes and behaviors, thereby increasing job satisfaction and lowering job stress, (University of Michigan Newsroom, 2003). The most recent of the major Equal Employment Opportunity laws is The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 also known as ADA. The law forbidding employment discrimination against people with disabilities who are able to perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable appointment (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy, 2010).This act also provides the definition of what a person with disability truly entails. Managers must be especially careful when it comes to this because these days employees will knit disrup t and strip down a situation and call it discrimination when without a doubt they were probably not fulfilling the job description. HR managers need to ensure the safety of their employees. To ensure such safety there are two important standard regulations that is working mans compensation laws, each slightly differing upon which state the employee is in, and OSHA, the occupational Safety and Health Act established since 1970 on the federal level .Workmans comp is a legally required benefit that provides medical care, income continuation, and replacement expenses for people who sustain job-related injuries or sickness. Also provides income to the survivors of an employee whose death is job related (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy, 2010). That being the case, there are audits held to prevent employees from filing fraudulent workmans comp claims. OSHA has set federal and states laws, employees are to abide by their states OSHA standards to ensure safety in the workplace (Dellpo, 2013).I n violation to following such laws can result in employer fines. With compassion and common sense lacking in the workplace a real disgruntled employee could cost and employer tons of money by carelessly contributing to fines. Then when presented with such allegations will then claim discrimination. When dealing with laws that effect HR, these are brought to the EEOC, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Employment decisions should not be based on characteristics such as race, sex, age, or disability (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy, 2010).The EEOC are the ones who investigate claims and situations involving harassment, discrimination, ect. And do take everything seriously. Employers these days definitely abuse the EEOC for fair situations that common sense can be easily applied to, and under those circumstances wasting a lot of time and money for an organization. In the end, later on exanimating the effect of legal safety and regulatory requirements on human resource process the main focus of these regulations is to prevent any manager from biasedly and without cause irrationally treating an employee badly.As a result, common sense and compassion have been replaced by litigation. It is unfortunate, but as managers that is why it is important to take actions that develop trust, such as sharing useful information and making good on commitments. Act consistently so that employees are not surprised by unexpected direction actions or decisions. Be truthful and avoid white lies and actions designed to manipulate others by giving a certain (false) impression. Demonstrate integrity by retentivity confidences and showing concern for others. Meet with employees to discuss and define what is expected of them.Ensure that employees are treated equitably, giving equivalent rewards for similar performance and avoiding actual or apparent special treatment of favorites. Adhere to clear standards that are seen as just and reasonable, for example, neither praising accom plishments nor imposing penalties disproportionately. Demonstrate respect toward employees, showing openly that they care about employees and recognize their strengths and contributions (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy, 2010). By practicing these key points compassion and common sense can be restored in the workplace.

Research Notes on Comparison Between Romeo

Research Notes On Comparison Between Romeo + Juliets And Benedick + Beatrices Relationships Benedict jests he alone takes Beatrice for pity whereas Beatrice claims to only accept him for she is under the belief that he is in consumption, suggests that their married life years will continue to be full of lively conversations and wit so that hopefully neither should have to sigh away their Sundays or bear the horns of a cuckold. Romeo and Juliets affinity had it been given date to grow and mature more steadily, their love may have grown into the most beautiful flower of all. A key difference, which can be noted between Romeo and Juliet and Beatrice and Benedict, is the speed in which their relationship advances. Romeo and Juliets whole relationship takes place in a matter of three days whereas in much ado about slide fastener the audience jack offs the impression that Beatrice and Benedict have bashn each other a long time, perhaps having been involved in a romantic relationship some time before the beginning of the events in the play.In act 1 scene 1 Beatrice says I know you of old. To know somebody in Shakespearean times often suggested you knew that person in a sexual context. In contrast, Beatrice and Benedict appear to be in no rush to get married. Both reveal apprehensions about it during the play. Beatrice likens marriage to a five step jig describing the initial part as hot and hasty and full as howling(a).The words hot and hasty suggest that Beatrice sees the starting line part of a relationship as passionate and exciting the words full of fantastical seem to be suggesting that this part of the relationship is almost like a fantasy, an illusion, not real. Beatrice could be suggesting that at first you dont really know somebody and what might seem perfect at first may turn out to be a disappointment. This may have been how Beatrice felt when she first met Benedict. She seems to hint that he has let her down in some way offering only a single hear t for her double one , and that he won it with false dice.The illusion of gambling perhaps suggests that Beatrice sees a potential relationship a risky game and one she might not win. Considering this, one can return to Romeo and Juliet and how well they really knew each other when they decided to get married. Only hours before meeting Juliet, Romeo had been in live over a girl called Rosaline. His love for Juliet does not appear deeper and more real, yet how confident can the audience be that this love would stand the test of time

Parties’ Policy Platforms

With the voting date for the 2000 elections approaching, Americans are being bombarded with the policy programs of the candidates. The both front runners and their lesser known rivals hold every medium available to spread their ideas on major issues. It is because of their use of the media that voters are able to compare and contrast policy views of multiple parties. Using two important policy areas (for the purposes of this essay, we will continue to use public education and social security) we will discuss and analyze the views of the two major parties, the Republicans and the Democrats, and a creation education is a headlining topic during elections. The current public education system has solelyowed the United States to have one of the highest standards of living in the world, but could use or so improving. The republicans believe that by providing public school students with private school vouchers, every child will have access to a high quality, indeed, a beginning(a) edu cation. (the Republican National The democrats believe that the republican idea of private school vouchers would offer too few dollars to too few children to escape their failing schools.The sapidity that vouchers would be pulling bucks out of the schools that need them most. Instead of vouchers, the democrats want to invest more in Americas crumbling schools, even if that means providing less tax cuts for American citizens. (the representative Committee The green party also is against vouchers, but believes in Equalize School Funding with Federal Revenue Sharing Federal financing of all public education (instead of by regressive local property taxes) so that every school has the resources it needs to provide he highest quality education for every child.The Green Party website genial Security is another publicized issue. While all 3 parties have expressed interest to save social security, the right smart they will go about doing it varies. The republican party platform says that they will continue to stop the annual raids on the Social Security trust silver by balancing the federal budget without that programs surplus. (the Republican National Convention website www. rnc. org)The democratic platform states that to build on the success of Social Security, Al Gore has proposed the creation of Retirement Savings Plus voluntary, tax-free, personally-controlled, privately-managed savings accounts with a government match that would help couples build a nest crackpot of up to $400,000. Also, separate from Social Security, Retirement Savings Plus accounts would let Americans save and invest on top of the foundation of Social Securitys guaranteed benefit. Under this jut out, the federal government would match individual contributions with tax credits, with the hardest-pressed working families getting the most assistance. (the Democratic CommitteeOn the issue of Social security, the green party platform does not go into much detail stating The actuarial protect ion of social security is of the essence(p) to the well-being of our seniors, and the maintenance of the systems integrity is an essential part of a healthy community. (the Green Party website www. greenparty. org) While they do not offer their plan for improvement, it is clear that they do not plan on letting the program die out. While the basic, raw ideas of improving education and saving social security are shared by the 3 parties, their plan of execution varies.

Disputes between the European Union and the rest of the World Essay

Disputes between the European Union and the rest of the WorldIntroduction The EU (European Union) has become a formidable agent through and through commerce, hence creating more than problems with the rest of the world. Occasionally its dominance has helped it manipulate its avocation partners. Starting with regional labor standards to phylogeny policies and internationally, ranging from global g all overnance to foreign policy (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010).This paper depart in the first place focus on the EU as a dominant sight block. A factor that has undoubtedly contributed to the many conflicts it has internationally. The analysis includes different, but novel portion out related conflicts the EU is involved in and points out the factors that led to the misunderstanding, and in most cases if there was a third party involved in the issue. The analysis also shows if a form of solution was reached or if the take exception was left un decide, and the possible final resu lts it had during the time of the confrontation. Lastly, it summarizes the main ideas of the paper and gives a comprehensive overview of the analysis.Russia EU car tax dis contract Among the first goals of the EU as a cunning, hegemony is using its supremacy to secure concessions from others on market participation. This makes it function as an sparingal globalization determinant. The EU is using its handicraft dominance to achieve non-trade objectives therefore openly flanking market integration such as social, environment and safety standards to be more political or strategic in nature (Haughton, 2007). A bold move that has a good deal left the rest of the world wonder if such use of trade power by the EU ultimately matter in geopolitical terms. In 2013, a disagreement arose between the EU and Russia, which mainly shopping malled on the newly imposed car levies. Russia had been a member of the WTO (World trade Organization) for b arly a year before the trade battle b egan. The EU accused Russia of using a recycle charge levied on imported cars to cover its automobile manufacturers illegally. The EU affirmed that for a whole year it had time-tested all possible diplomatic channels to amicably re make for the problem but with no success, Moscow declined to review its policies. According to the EU trade instructioners the instruction execution was not in line with the stated WTO laws that forbid biases against imports (Diakun, 2012). Allegations arose on what was seen as Moscows non-compliance as the WTO sought to find out the facts. Initially, Moscow had nigh misconceptions about the benefits they would gain by joining the WTO. For Russia joining the union came at a cost of signing up to firm standards, which it understood well, equalized by the benefits of gaining regain to a populous and larger markets with guarantee against protectionism. Most critics submit accused Russia of failing to keep its commitments and the levy on cars put in p lace some days after it joined the WTO (Osipov, 2013). Russia laid an increase in the duties paid on German and Italian vehicles imports, making them more expensive for the customers and affecting their market. The European Union is of the opinion that Russia is doing this on purpose to protect its manufacturers. Critics from Russia say the country is known for never keeping its WTO obligations and that the car levies disputes are part of a coarse chain of non-compliance laws on goods that range from harvesting machines to alcoholic drinks. Russia, conversely has protested against the EU initiatives to open up the blocs electricity and gas market, which it claims affects the regions business structure. The proposed recycle levy bill failed to be amended by the Russian national assembly before it went into recess, and the EU warned the then Russian Economy Minister to gestate a reaction from the union. Under the WTO regulations, Russia has exceeded its 60-day grace period to t ry and change or explain its laws (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010). Comparisons between the 2001 China entry and that of Russia were unavoidable as the potential difference benefits of incorporating a big economy like Russia were real promising. In the case of China the first dispute arose two years after having enjoyed an enormous trade boost immediately after joining for Russia it took less than 11 months. Russia still has other issues with the EU policies mainly its laws on the control of the European gas line assets by Gazprom. The EU set up a committee to look into the issue. The Russian parliament, on the other hand, passed a ruling that changed the levy on recycling and confirmed the changes sort out the requests pointed out by the committee of the EU panel (Stephanie and Brianna, 2012).EU- Russia- Ukraine- gas dispute The presidents of the EU, Russia and Ukraine, contrive agreed to meet and talk in relation to the dispute they have had over the Ukraine-EU free trade and ga s agreements. Con really, with the efforts to stabilize the Ukraine security situation, the heads of state Vladimir Putin, of Russia, Petro Poroshenko, of Ukraine and Jose Manuel Barroso president of the European Commission are judge to hold one-one-one talks, but the venue and dates are not specified. Raising the discussions to the level of the heads of state seems to give hope to possible ease of tension over the Ukraine issue, a crisis that has for retentive plagued the relations between the West and Russia (Andres & Kofman, 2011). The EU and Russian president spoke over the phone on possible ways that they could ease the current tension in the Ukraine. In June this year an approved series of three-way talks over gas disputes that brought together the energy ministers of the EU, Ukraine and Russia broke down create the Ukraine gas supplies to be cut off by Russia. Since then the EU energy minister has scheduled versatile meetings with two the Russian and Ukraine energy min isters to summarise the initial discussions on closure the Ukraine-Russian row over gas prices (Diakun, 2012). The EU consumers have not been change by the disruption of the Ukraine gas supplies, the Ukraine, however is a study route supply for approximate half of Russias gas shipments to the EU. This means that the EU depends on Moscow for a third of its energy. Russia has also recently held talks with the EU to try to calm the Kremlin fears over a wide-ranging free trade agreement that the Ukraine had signed with other 28 EU nations. A move that Moscow believes pass on be tax returnproductive to its economy (Osipov, 2013). The competition between Russia and EU over Ukraine gas has led to a problem that escalated when Russia seized the power Soviet Union Crimea region. EU sanctioned Russia for illegally occupying Crimea and on the other hand Moscow retaliated by banning imports from Europe. Which leaves some(prenominal) the opposing at a trade standoff since the dispute is still not resolved.China-EU solar panel dispute The EU-China solar panel dispute in recent months has taken center stage on most newspaper headlines. This is hardly a new thing since the two are both seen as dominant international trading blocs. Most analysts, however often ignore the fact that trade disputes between economic titans like in the case of the EU and China is not a new thing. Rather they represent a continuous confrontation of the questionable China-EU strategic trade alliance. The basis that a large volume of the EU-China policy is revolve around on the concept of normative power makes it one of the primary contributing factors for the long conflict. The EU policies towards China under this principle have developed in four main aspects namely investments and trade, global governance, technical skills, and social and political changes. EU-China collaborations on renewable energy and climate change are mainly merged on the concept of encouraging sustainable gro wth. In regards to the EU-Sino disagreement, the trading commissioner for the commission failed in his role of convincing other state members who already have well-developed solar energy technology to support their proposed sanctions on China. Germany, for example, a renowned leader in solar energy was particularly vocal with its disagreement on the fit(p) investigatings and sanction tariffs on China (Stephanie and Brianna, 2012). In relation to the Sino-EU disagreement, the Commissioner for the EU failed in his initial role of convincing a majority of the members who have advanced and ripen solar energy technologies to place retributive measures in China. For example, Germany, which is known internationally as a solar energy giant, is against the said investigations and restrictions placed on China. The commissions status from these investigations has been greatly undermined by the EU-China strategy. Such inquiry failures have further prompted China to sideline the commiss ion, if not the entire EU affiliates. Aside from the dispute over the solar panels, the EU reluctance to allow Chinas Market Economy Status (MES) is another one of the constant challenges that has not been resolved by the two factions for over a decade. EU has refused this initiative on the grounds that China lacks significant government interventions and transparency in its trade and economic policies (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010). This drawback according to the Chinese was seen as a possible defeat. They reasoned that being granted the status of a market economy would be a major advantage in their EU-China alliance, both politically and economically. They stated that the principal reason for the EU refusal was due to the vast trade difference between China and the EU, and that the EU has tried to use the market economy status problem to gain more negotiating power and attempt to solve trade market entry and trade barrier issues that cripple their firms. The EU however continues to stress that the decline is a pure technical issue deep down the blueprints of its anti- dispose laws. With this perspective of the EU, China has changed its stand from that of a new entrant to a competitor. The EU gets itself in a bind where its economic interests are threatened by its normative power strategy. Such inconsistencies that are allied with EU counterparts have further confused both renewable manufacturers and the Chinese government. The EU has eventually found its drive to promote sustainable development and pursue a value based foreign policy in China that is beyond its levels. The current standoff between EU and China, mainly originated from a mix-up and lack of recognition as to what each sides law priorities state (Teorell, 2010). The issue has however not been resolved.EU-US Dispute on pile Alliance In 2011 the sheer size and importance of the United States-European Union mutual trade alliance, with trades mainly on goods roughly total up to 450 one thousand million making the two trading partners the major trade players internationally. Recently, discussions started on a possible trade alliance aimed at mitigating or eliminating non-tariff and tariff trade hindrances in products and services. The EU parliament in 2012 demanded the start of talks so as to get a more efficient EU-US trade pact. Among the most highly traded items within the two factions include automobiles and medical products, machines and high tech gadgets, as well as pharmaceutical, optic and photographic appliances among others (Cooper, 2014). Therefore, their agreements mainly focus on labor and enceinte intensive industries, as recognized by the economies of scale and intra- fabrication trade policies. Debates on agricultural products have caused some disagreements in such discussion and with various globe opinions the greatest differences still remain in areas of food safety and consumers, subsidies and environment protection. One such recent dispute has b een on the Boeing and Airbus grants awarded to the concerned companies. A symmetric agreement between the US and EU that was concluded in 1992 centered on the trade of large civil aircrafts, and the parties who controlled the funding of the subsidies in this large sector. The US withdrew from the initial 1992 agreement in October 2004 disputing the public funding allocated to the Airbus. The EU also responded by challenging the public endorsement granted to Boeing. According to the (WTO) World championship Organization both parties had breached the initial subsidy policies, and therefore were allowed to place counter measures (Tugores-Garca, 2012). While there is a possibility that such initiatives would sinkly provoke a trade war involving other sectors, it is expected that the problem will eventually be solved. The dispute hearing on possible counter-measures started on the 16th of April 2013, and the outcome will definitely have dire consequences on how new entrants of large c ivil aircrafts from other countries can progress while joining the market (Cooper, 2014).Eu-China wines dispute A recent EU-China dispute on anti-dumping laws centered on wine exports was resolved amicably earlier this year through negotiation and consultation. China had begun an investigation last year to establish whether European wines were sold at the standard price in the country. The initiative was seen as being an EU countermeasure for enforcing disciplinary policies on Chinas solar panels. A dispute that had almost driven the two trade giants to the edge of a trade war, was sorted out through mediation by the then China Premier when agreed on price undertakings. In May 2014, the EU warned China that it would commence anti-dumping and anti-subsidy inquiries on its imports of meshwork telecommunication equipment. The solar panel dispute is a case reference that highlights how under the WTO consultation and dialogue rule are the best ways to solve disputes, and that the EU a nd China had the capability and intelligence to choose this option (Huang, 2010). In 2012, the export of wine from the EU reached 257 million liters which are approximated at $1 billion, more than that originating from France. In July 2014, the two factions settled a disagreement on poly-silicon products by using consultation and negotiations. It agreed that in the European markets the said products will not be sold below a certain price set by china. On the other hand, China agreed to stop its anti-dumping and anti-subsidy trends initially placed on its imports. Analysts have foreseen this unlikely alliance between the two factions as one that is likely to create a more beneficial atmosphere in the future. This is because both sides take pride in their zygomorphic economies. If not properly settled trade disputes often have much bigger negative contact on both economies than can possibly be mitigated. As the EU and China industries are now closely interlinked industrial conne ctions should be incorporated into the frameworks of resolving trade disputes, since it will help improve future relations and avoid further conflicts (Cooper, 2014).China-EU Misunderstandings over Trade Defense Mechanisms The EU has on several do been charged by China for inappropriate use of placed trade defense mechanisms. China particularly charges the EU for using double standards against their imports and products. In 2003 when Chinese companies sold coke in European regions at cheaper rates, they were accused of offloading their products and fined based on the EU antidumping policies. Much later the EU again threatened to archive a case against China at the WTO for restricting coke exports, which China clearly explained it had done mainly due to environmental reasons. These are all clear indications of how the EU often used unfair standards against China products which eventually raised disputes between the two parties. More surprising is the EU refusal to apply several trade methods concurrently. It is a known fact that both European and (EC) European Commission affiliate companies placed (IPR) gifted Property rights protection and anti-dumping measures on most of their Chinese imports. For example, on the importations of China electronics, the China-based manufacturers were first charged with IPR infringement. Then the EU in 2005 also simultaneously filed anti-dumping case against the Chinese electronics (Huang, 2010). All of which have helped fuel the long trade disputes between China and the EU. The anti-dumping policies of the EU have always been characterized by bias trends towards the affected domestic producers. This is most certainly the case being investigated against the so-called (NME) non-market economy countries like China. For a long time, exporting producers from China have been far worse treated as compared to other countries. They had to show that they qualified for their market status, by undergoing very strict regulations th at were not required from other foreign exporters belonging to the WTO. In addition, China enjoyed fewer regulation privileges as compared to other foreign exporters due to the limited access given to the information utilized for the vetting of the injury margin or dumping regulations. A similar EU bias of its producers could be found in the way it proves the existence of hazardous material within the EU industries. In such cases instead of analyzing a substantial size of the industry as a whole, the EU on focused on a small portion of the total industry strictly comprising of companies that support the imposing of anti-dumping measures.Eu Brazil protectionism dispute The EU fill up at the WTO a trade case against Brazil that seems potentially explosive. The Latin America trade giant certain for the first time after almost ten years a case over what it claims are protectionist charges levied on automobiles and other imports. The case is being filled amidst worry that Brazil h as over the recent years become more protectionists in nature. The initiative to seek a hearing at the WTO comes as both sides seek to rejuvenate the initial long-standing trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union. Officials from the EU recently affirmed that the rising number of tax measures recently introduced by Brazil were not in line with the WTO policies and therefore, provided the domestic industries with undue advantage, while safeguarding them from external opposition. Initially, Brazils move was thought to be aimed at Chinese automobile importers, who in 2011 controlled most of the local Brazilian market due to the aid of ingenious marketing strategies applied by the Brazilian media. Recently the EU openly declared that it was disturbed by the wrong path taken by Brazil on its policies and taxes affirming that such broad tax initiatives also affected smart phones, computers and semiconductors. Such moves negatively affect the EU exporters whose products were levied more than their local counterparts. The EU complained that the implementation also affects the Brazilian citizens since they would now be left with poor choice, higher prices and lower access to original products. The protectionism claims were strongly rejected by the Brazilian side, and they celebrate that the Latin America trade bloc had solid counter arguments to show they fully adhered with the WTO trade regulations. Analysts reviewing the continuing dispute have claimed that the EU-Brazil case opens the doorway for more trade cases against Brazil. This implies that there are more cases against Brazil by other WTO members and companies, many of them have endured the injustice since the Brazil market is very lucrative. But now with the slowed economy, it is evident that the WTO members and involved companies are now less easygoing towards the Latin America trade bloc (Grina, 2014). The officials at the EU have said they had brought up the Brazil tax complaints in other former bilateral talks but had make no developments in sorting the problem. The move by the EU to ask for an official hearing of the issue in the WTO gives both parties a 60-day grace period to come up with an amicable solution. If no solution is reached within that timeframe, the EU will be permitted to ask for a egg committee to hear the case, which could impose against Brazil punitive trade restrictions.India-eu trade disputes The EU and India in 2007 began talks on a wider investment and trade agreement BTIA (Broad based Trade and Investment Agreement) with the intent of opening up trade in services, goods and investment. However even after several negotiation sessions, there has been very little development due to several unresolved issues. Until such issues can be solved a trade agreement between the two nations will never come to pass, and the WTO policies will continue regulating the trades between the two members (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013). The EU on automobiles would like to see the eventual elimination of the duty import, whereas India wants to maintain it at 10 %. Talks on opening up regulations on the public procurance as well as the insurance sector have been particularly hard. Though, India is still in the path of changing its laws on foreign investments. The EU wants India to verify its commitment by passing a public procurement bill, which has not yet been submitted to the Indian parliament for approval. The gross domestic product markets in India, according to public procurement, accounts for 15- 20 percent. This is due to the needs of the infrastructure in a wide variety of areas that include energy, telecom, roads, railway and healthcare these areas are of apparent concern for the development of the EU commerce (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013). Simultaneously, India aims to benefit its IT sector with the trade agreements. It mandates the EU to upgrade its status to that of a secure data stat e. Such recognitions are viewed as important for the Indian based IT companys expansion. In addition, India is negotiating for its professionals to be given more open Visa to the EU. India had complained over the EU seizing generic medicine that had been in transit through the region. Even though the two parties later solved the problem there are still some significant aspects of the dispute that still emerge. The EU in 2003 asked for talks with India in relation to 27 anti-dumping allegations in regards to several EU export products that, included chemicals, pharmaceuticals, steel, textile and paper. The EU was of the opinion that there was no proof of the alleged dumping accusations and that there was sufficient analysis of the casualties and injury. Since then India has terminated progress on most of the disputed issues these include those on pharmaceutical and steel products, the problem system un-resolved and under consultation (Khorana, & Garcia, 2013). India in 2010 also asked for talks with the Netherlands and EU in relation to the reported genetic medicines seized on the grounds of patent breach. The taken drugs had been produced in India and were being transported through airports and ports in the Netherlands to Brazil, which was the primary destination. India claims that the alleged Dutch and EU measures were against their agreements under the (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the agreement under the (TRIPs) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regulations. It was not until 2011 that the dispute was sorted through mutual consensus. According to the consensus, the fact that medicines are passing through the EU territory and that there is a patent title warranted by such products in the EU area. In itself does not give much basis for EU customs authority to fishy the patent rights violation. Proof can provide such basis that the medicine readiness be re-routed onto EU markets. The Indian medicine conflict perh aps might arise, on the basis of the extent of (IPR) intellectual property rights on third world economies (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013).US and EU Power Struggle In comparison, these two goodish trade blocks have no difference in the ways they show their dominance in different regions. Mostly they achieve this through agreements that they often have over their access to the market for their goods, capital and services in other areas. Agreements with EU have often been more involved on mutual concessions over levies, rations, and technical obstacles. Nonetheless, they can sometimes be asymmetrical. Either because the EU could be making steeper reductions or the value of the EU reductions could be larger spare-time activity the size of the regional bloc. Failure to withstand such asymmetries means that the EU, similar to the US, uses preferential bilateral agreements to pry open the available markets that are found in the area as an exchange for accessing its marke ts. Regionally, EUs power has taken the form of less accurate mutual concessions (Cooper, 2014). As more states join the EU, it wants to run into its members goals by realizing economies of scale via bloc-to-bloc pacts. Such first bi-regional trade agreement are still being negotiated since 2000 mainly involving the EU and Mercosur, which is a customs union created in 1991. It is to be followed by ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) as new economic partnership agreements (EPAs) with, among others, the Caribbean countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council. It cannot be denied that Latin America especially, has do such moves partly in consideration to reaction by USAs drive towards regionalism. The EU and the US have always been engaged in a battle of supremacy since their establishment as trade giants. Each side has been trying to guarantee their members and partners that they have an unrelenting access to markets and resilience in trade and regulatory deals. In addition, both have also tried using their power in trade to exert the type of western district. Mainly Over the developing countries, especially towards the so-called new issues that pertain to services as well as intellectual property that were initially made In China and later introduced during the Uruguay Round. Currently, little co-operation exists between the EUUS regulatory bodies. These two powers have kind of began pursuing sharply diverging tactics, which often came up with opposing alliances like during the Hong Kong meeting of the Doha Round that happened in December 2005 (Teorell, 2010).Conclusion As shown by the paper, it is evident that the EU mostly uses its undisputed trade prowess to pursue objectives that are often non-trade related. Like in the case of China wines dispute and misuse of trade defense instruments. The EU therefore, attempts to forcibly fashion the trade blocs in its image either through conditionality or by force. This shows the way the various quarrels among of the different member states make it hard for the EU to project its dominance more evidently to the entire world (Teorell, 2010). Nonetheless, such divergences are themselves a byproduct or an expression of existing tensions between various alternative priorities or even norms that must simultaneously be committed to by the EU machinery. They include nondiscrimination and bilateral preferential relations, regionalism and multilateralism, western hegemony and mediating power, trade liberalization and domestic preferences, internal and external goals, equal partnership and conditional opening. It will then be difficult for the EU to effectively become a power through trade without addressing what the majority of the world considers being unsustainable contradictions (Maggi & Staiger, 2012).ReferenceAndres, R. B., & Kofman, M. (2011). European energy security reducing volatility of Ukraine-Russia natural gas pricing disputes. subject area DEFENSE UNIV WASHINGTON DC INST FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES.Cooper, W. H. (2014). EU-US Economic Ties Framework, Scope, and Magnitude.Diakun, A. (2012). EU Foreign Policy in Ukraine Policy Shortcomings and Russias Countervailing Force (Doctoral dissertation, of import European University).Grina, J. J. (2014).Brazils rise to global power(Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California Naval Postgraduate School)Huang, Z. (2010). EU-China Trade Disputes in the WTO Looking Back to Look Forward. yearbook of Polish European Studies, (13), 41-57.Khorana, S., & Garcia, M. (2013). European UnionIndia Trade Negotiations One Step Forward, One Back?.JCMS Journal of Common Market Studies,51(4), 684-700.Maggi, G., & Staiger, R. W. (2012).Trade Disputes and Settlement. mimeo.Marshall, M., & Jaggers, K. (2010). Political authorities characteristics and transitions, 18002009. Fairfax Center for Systemic Peace, George Mason University.Osipov, V. (2013). Ukraine Implications of Future Cooperation with the EU and NATO. ARMY W AR COLLEGE CARLISLE BARRACKS PA.Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee (2012) Mercosur South Americas Fractious Trade Bloc. Retrieved 3rd 10, 2014. http//www.cfr.org/trade/mercosur-south-americas-fractious-trade-bloc/p12762Teorell, J. (2010). Determinants of democratization Explaining regime change in the world. Cambridge Cambridge University PressTugores-Garca, A. (2012). Analysis of global airline alliances as a strategy for international network development (Doctoral dissertation, mom Institute of Technology).Wouters, J., Goddeeris, I., Natens, B., & Ciortuz, F. (2013). Some critical issues in EU-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations.Available at SSRN 2249788.Source document

My so-Calld Life Essay

My So-Called Life What is the underlying meaning of the title of the serial? The title of the image, My So-Called Life, suggests the understanding of meaninglessness that many teenagers experience. It shows us how it is to feel judged by others and it encapsulates the main theme of the series. The show depicts the teenage old age as universe difficult and confusing rather than a light, fun-filled time. This series deals with the expectations that people have of teenagers. The main character, Angela felt like she was existence expected to do certain things as yet though she had ust become a teenager and she was still trying to figure away who she was for herself. In high instill, Angela found two new friends named Rayanne and Rickie, who are non the best students and dont seem to be very good influences on her. As a result, Angela started to skip classes with them and didnt focus on her school work as much anymore. Her parents expected her to keep up with her school work and do well in her classes, the things she had always done but being a teenager in high school had changed Angela. In the show, a main focus is how people are judged by their appearance.Angela felt misunderstood and judged when she dark-skinned her hair red after it being blonde her whole life. Angela didnt want to be seen as that goody goody blonde girl anymore, she wanted to stand out and make a change. Her personality had changed the people she hangs out with had changed, so why not change her hair too. But her parents and old friends judged her because of it. The show covers all of the characters going through rough times each and every one of them was put into different situations where they felt meaningless or unwanted. They all ook turns hint uncomfortable and not knowing how to deal with their situation. At the beginning of the series, Angela felt unwanted by Jordan. Later on, Rickie felt alone after he was knotty in a shooting and had no one to talk to about it. Also, Rayann e was jealous of Angela when she found out how great her father was and that Angela didnt even lever it. In a more recent episode, Jordan was frustrated because the substitute teacher picked on him in class. Throughout the series, Shannon felt neglected and hurt when Angela left her and started hiatus out with Rayanne and Rickie instead of her.Finally, Brian felt used when he found out that Angela only came over to his house to meet with Jordan outside. As this series shows us, the teenage years are not easy to deal with. Teens have to figure out who they are and who they would like to be friends with. They have to deal with the expectations people have for them and be put into situations where they feel meaningless, misunderstood or judged. The title of the show, My So-Called Life, is used to show that the typical teenagers life is not easy and it isnt how it usually is put out to be.

An Investigation Of Nigerian Consumer’s Online Shopping Behaviour

AbstractThis query proposal deals with an investigation of the online shopping behavior among Nigerians living abroad. It has been established from look for that a few Nigerians embrace engine room in doing business. The investigate paper starts with an introduction most the occupation statement to be addressed in the research. The objective is to find out the factors that afford to the unusual online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians.The proposal highlights trends to be investigated that be online shopping in Nigeria. Data to be economic consumptiond in the research result be self-collected through the use of a questionnaire assumption up at random to 100 respondents. The obtained selective information will be analyzed based on the scaled factors stopn for each response by the participants. The illustration sample gives the best results because it uses respondents of diverse fields who are in a position to use online shopping systems. The results throw out be u sed by any developing country because the online shopping trends for developing countries are the same.1. IntroductionThe nature of how individuals do business has changed from bandage to time due to individual needs and the emerging business technologies. Electronic commerce is one of the recent forms of online shopping that has been adopted by many business individuals in the world. According to Ghosh (1997, p. 1), E-commerce provides consumers the ability to bank, invest, purchase, distribute, communicate, explore, and research from virtually anywhere an Internet connection corporation be obtained. Therefore, electronic commerce can be defined as doing business through the lucre. This trend of doing business has gained momentum in the global business world because of the increased web advertising (Jackson et al. 2003). This research proposal aims at determining the effect of web advertising on the Nigerian consumers online shopping behaviour.1.1. E-commerce development in Ni geriaThe basis of electronic commerce depends on the level of technology in a country. Nigeria is a developing country that has experienced improvements in its technological aspect in the recent past with a summation population of about 16 % embracing the use of the meshwork (Internet World Stats, 2009). However, most of the Nigerians have not exploited the full potential of using the internet fully. In addition, the recent advancement of technology has enabled many Nigerians to see the need to embrace technology in doing business. As such, internet habitude has started gaining familiarity among the Nigerians. A research by Folorunso et al. (2006, p. 2226) shows that only 32% of Nigerians who had heard about electronic commerce had embraced the technology. This low number of Nigerians using the internet to do business may contribute to the Nigerian online shopping behaviour.1.2. Problem statementThe use of the internet in doing business in Nigeria is torpider than other countrie s in the world. This is contrary to the vital importance provided by the use of the internet in advertising the product. Most of the Nigerians are ignorant about online shopping, but those who embrace the internet do not prefer to do online shopping because they assume products advertised in the internet are either expensive or strange to their traditional culture. This consumer behaviour has reduced efforts of globalization into the Nigerian markets. The question, then, is what should be done about this online consumer behaviour to promote globalizationResearch objectivesThis research is carried out to find out the online shopping behaviour among the Nigerians. The objectives of the study will beTo enquire the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians Determine whether web advertising has an influence to the online shopping behaviour among Nigerians. To investigate the risks associated with online shopping.1.3. Research structureThis research will start by introducing the probl em statement why it is an beta study among the Nigerians. This will be followed by outlining the objectives of the study. The existing writings review sets to give the research the basis on which the factors creation studied will be based. The regularityology section will propose a how the factors can be investigated and why the chosen method actings for study are preferred. at last the research will highlight the limitations that are likely to affect the results of the study and how they can be reduced to make the results much validated. The main chapters will be as followsIntroduction Literature Review Methodology Data Analysis and Findings Conclusions and Recommendations 2. Literature reviewFolorunso et al. (2006, p.2224) suggested that the factors that affect online shopping behaviour are establishing cost, accessibility, privacy and confidentiality, data security, network reliability, credit card threat, authenticity, citizens income and education. The shopping behaviour of Nigerians living abroad is unique as it can be identified as unique among the rest. Among the factors suggested by Folorunso income levels and data security was established as the major factors contributing to the unique behaviour of the Nigerians. In another research by Ayo (2006, p.2), he argued that cyber-crime as the major factor behind the low rate of adopting the electronic commerce technology. Further, other important factors have been established as contributing to this unique behaviour among the Nigerians. These factors are inferior online payment methods, lack of trust in web retailers, poor technological infrastructures, and fear of insufficient security in online environments (Adeshina & Ayo, 2010).In contrast to the slow rate at which online shopping has been embraced by the Nigerians, they have increased use of electronic banking and payment systems as they regard these technology issues as more secure. The major use of electronic banking is to pay bills, money transfer activities and obtaining banking statements at any time they wish to have the statements for their daily activities. The major factors identified on the prior research do not point to the exact situation because even through the electronic banking services provided by this technology, users are also likely to be exposed cyber crimes (Egwali, 2009).Advertising is used as a marketing strategy to familiarise the consumers to the products in the market. In a global market, advertising through the internet gives the consumers an avenue to consider a varied field of products that will satisfy their specific demand. Although internet advertising comes with a lot of advantages to both the consumer and the advertising agency, it has not been fully embraced in the Nigerian market. This indicates that the consumers in the Nigerian market have varied perceptions about web advertising. According to Wohn and Korgaonkar (2003), males exhibit more positive beliefs about web advertising an d more positive attitudes toward web adverting than females. Additionally, male are more likely than females to purchase from the web and surf the web for functional and amusement reasons, whereas females are more likely to surf the web for shopping reasons. From these findings, it can be deduced that there are specific online shopping behaviour among Nigerians. The research will carry out a detailed review of the existing literature on the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. The researcher will critically analyse the literature both that are in support of the research and those that are not.3.MethodologyThis research will use qualitative approach to establish an in-depth description of the problem of the study. This method will be the most appropriate because it does not apply any mathematical judgment of the results (Higgs & Cherry, 2009). According to Miles and Huberman (1994), qualitative approach is the best because it is concerned with substantive characteristic s, stories, visual renders, observations and words. This study will be based on the individual behaviour on online shopping.Consequently, the research sample will be identified among them Nigerian Diaspora students, professionals and business people. The research sample will be conducted to 100 Nigerians. The research sample gives a good study population because of the sample size. In addition, the use of this fount of respondents will give basis to the research because these are people who have the know-how of technological matters. Additionally, since online shopping is based on the use of technology this type of respondents is the best research population because they are quite aware of the online shopping activities using the internet. Thus, the results of the findings will give a true reflection of the real behaviour of the Nigerians online shopping.3.1.Research approach and strategyThe research will be conducted for 100 Nigerian. The respondents will be selected at random bot h that live in UK and those that are in Nigeria. The respondents will be supplied with questionnaires to investigate their online shopping behaviour. The data that will be used in this study will be sourced from both primordial and secondary sources. The primary data will be collected by sending questionnaires to the respondents. The researcher will conceal the identity of all respondents for confidentiality purposes. All respondents will be given unique ID numbers like P1, P2, and P3 that will represent participant one, two and three respectively. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature that is in the public domain. This means that there will be no permission sought to access the materials or cost incurred to collect data.3.2.Data collectionThe data for this research will be collected through the use of questionnaires. The questionnaires will be subdivided into three sub-groups as follows online shopping, electronic commerce and internet usage. Each of the sub-ca tegories will be aiming to investigate the behaviour of online shopping among Nigerians. (See appendix 1)3.3.Data analysisQualitative study does not involve numerical values, and thus, an analysis tool will be used that will give correct interpretation and description while at the same time avoiding biases (Sewell, 2008). Therefore, the data will be analysed using case descriptions of the phenomenon. A detailed handle will then be developed based on the analysis of the data collected through questionnaires. After, conclusions will be drawn from the analysis of the study, and more so the researcher will give recommendations that for future studies.3.4. Ethical issuesThe ethical issue in this research study will be to keep the anonymity of the respondents. Each of the involved respondents information will be treated with great privacy based on individual data security policy.3.5.Research limitationsThe sample used to represent the Nigerians is comparably small. A bigger representa tive sample should be used to determine the real factors. The random sampling method is good, but is faced with the challenge of some respondents failing to cooperate. The best approach would be to administer the questionnaire directly to the respondents to ensure that there is 100% response from the targeted representative sample.4.ConclusionThis research is an important finding that can be used to implement developmental changes in developing countries. Nigeria is one of the developing countries and the trends shown by its abroad citizens can be used as a model for other developing countries. Also, since technology implementation in the business environment is inevitable then it is important to identify these factors in order to make the required adjustments to make the developing countries able to embrace technology. The representative sample will give accurate results of the research study because it will use a study population that can embrace technology.ReferencesAdeshina, A & Ayo, C .2010. An Empirical Investigation of the Level of Users. Acceptance of E-Banking in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 15 (1), 1-13.Egwali, A. 2009. Customers Perception of Security Indicators in Online Banking Sites in Nigeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14 (1), 1-15.Folorunso, O et al. 2006. Factors Affecting the Adoption of E-commerce A body of work in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6 (10), 2224-2230.Ghosh, A .1997. Securing E-Commerce A Systematic Approach. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 1-4.Internet World Stats, 2009. Nigeria Internet Usage and Telecommunications Reports. Retrieved from .Jackson, P. et al. 2003. e-Business Fundamentals. London Dorset field of operations Publishing Company.Miles, M.B. & Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis An Expanded Sourcebook, 2ndedn, Newbury Park, CA Sage.Sewell, M., 2008. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ The University of Arizona.Sewell, M., 200 8. The Use of Qualitative Interviews in Evaluation, Tucson, AZ The University of Arizona.Wohn, L & Korgaonkar, P 2003, Web advertising gender differences, gender differences in belief, attitude and behavior. Florida MCB UP.Appendix 1The questionnaireOnline shoppingHave you been using online shopping in Nigeria?Do you use online shopping in the UK?If yes how many times did you shop online while in Nigeria per week?How many sites do you visit per week while in the UK or Nigeria?What products do you shop for with this service in Nigeria or the UK?What are the risks associated with online shopping?2.0 Electronic commerceHave you been using electronic commerce while in Nigeria?Do you still use electronic shopping in the UK?If not, what are the reasons?What functions do you use the service for in Nigeria or the UK?3.0 Internet usageDo you use internet regularly?What do you use the internet for?Do you think there are risks associated with internet usage?How often do you use the internet fo r online shopping?

Factors Contributing to Disproportionate Minority Representation in Special Education

The disproportionate example of minority students in finical information has been a constant and consistent concern for nearly four decades (Klingner et al. , 2005). Currently, thither atomic number 18 disproportionate numbers of minority students who atomic number 18 abducered, assessed, identified, material bodyified, and placed in programs for students with disabilities. The issue of disproportionate theatrical for minority students has been and continues to be an incessant dilemma that has detri psychical cause on the educational opportunities and outcomes for this specific sort out of students.Concerns about disproportionate prototype be focused on the judg affable categories of exceptional(a) education ( instruction disabilities, ruttish disturbance, and mental retardation), those disabilities usually identified after the child starts instill and by school personnel kind of than a medical professional. Children identified with these disabilities usually do n ot exhibit any obvious everywheret features, yet they are still directed to have internal deficits that affect their report card and/ or behavior (Klingner, et al. , 2005).One of the primarily discussions on disproportionality (Heller, Holtzman, & Messick, 1982) noted that it butt jointnot be assumed that ethnic disproportionality in modified education is a problem, since it could be that certain groups of students require special education services in greater amounts than those from other ethnic categories. The control panel declare that the adequacy and appropriateness of all phases of the special education process as well as the outcome had to be determined before recognizing disproportionality as a problem.The existence of bias or conflicting practice at any phase of the process was the feature that would determine that disproportionality was indeed problematic. In its twenty-sixth Annual Report to Congress, the U. S. Department of Education (2005) presented the for tune of students ages 6 through 21 who were served under cerebration by disability and race/ethnicity. Specific breeding disability was the largest disability syndicate for all racial/ethnic groups.Hispanic/Latino children represented the largest racial/ethnic group (58. 3%) diagnosed with a specific attainment disability. American Indian/Alaskan endemic students were the next loftyest group (55. 3%) identified with a specific learning disability. The highest percentage of minority students served under IDEA for mental retardation was African American/ mysterious (16. 8%). Mental retardation can be defined as sub-average intellectual functioning that simultaneously exists with deficits in adaptive behavior.Similarly, African American/Black students besides represented the highest percentage of children served under the category of emotionally disturbed students (11. 3%) (U. S. Department of Education, 2005). It is critical to note that the existence of this problem has been re peatedly documented by the U. S. Department of Educations Office for Civil Rights (OCR), in that it has confirmed the over prototype of minority students in special education programs with data for the past thirty years.In addition, the issue of determining whether students of different racial or ethnic groups are disproportionately identified for special education has been a longstanding public and professional concern however, the causes of disproportionality and factors change to this problem are not clearly understood (Donovan & Cross, 2002). Thus, this paper aims to examine factors contributing to disproportionality of minority in special education. Firstly, the paper examines historical background of disproportionality problem. Finally, virtually conclusive remarks are presented.History of the Disproportionality Problem The problem of over agency of minority students in special education is not a new phenomenon and has been a serious concern for the hold water 40 years. Du nn (1968) cited statistics from the U. S. Office of Education and concluded about 60% to 80% of students in mild mental retardation classes were from low status backgrounds, including African Americans, American Indians, Mexicans, and Puerto Rican Americans those from nonstandard English speaking, disorganized and inadequate homes and children from nonmiddle class purlieus (p.6). Mercer (1973) documented disproportionate representation of minority students in special education classes in Riverside, California. She concluded that the percentage of African Americans placed in special classes for students diagnosed with mental retardation was terzetto strides their percentage in the population. In a similar manner, the percentage of Mexican American students placed in classes for mentally mentally slow down children was four times their percentage in the population (Mercer, 1973). The overrepresentation problem has also been documented over time through court cases.Two notable cases, Diana v. State Board of Education (1970) and Larry P. v. Riles (1971) dealt with issues cogitate to assessment bias, disproportionate situation, and the long consequences of special education berth (Donovan & Cross, 2002). Larry P. v. Riles (1979) was a class action suit on behalf of African American/Black students in the San Francisco Public School System who were placed in mildly mentally retarded education programs. At that time African American/Black students represented 28.5% of the territorys student enrollment, but 67% of the students in mildly mentally retarded programs were African American/Black. The plaintiffs argued that intelligence tests were paganly biased. The court control that intelligence tests were culturally biased against African American/Black students and that reliance on biased instruments was preserved to the overrepresentation problem. Overrepresentation of certain ethnic minority groups, such as African Americans/Blacks or Hispanics/Latinos , in certain special education environments is a serious problem for a number of reasons.Heller, Holtzman, and Messick (1982) stated that disproportionality is a problem if children are invalidly placed in programs for mentally retarded children, if they are unduly exposed to the wantlihood of such situation by virtue of having naild poor regular education, or if the quality and academic relevance of the special instruction blocks students educational progress, including decreasing the likelihood of their return to the regular education classroom. In their review of the literature, Hosp and Reschly (2003) discussed three main reasons why disproportionate representation in special education is problematic.Such reasons include negative effects of labeling, segregation of placement, and presumed ineffectiveness of special education (Hosp & Reschly, 2003). For example, labeling a child handicapped has been ready to reduce t from each oneers forethought for the child to succeed (Dun n, 1968). Further much(prenominal), removing a child from regular education to special education whitethorn change significantly to feelings of inferiority and problems with acceptance by peers (Dunn, 1968). Factors Contributing to Disproportionate RepresentationSeveral variables related to the disproportionate representation of some students in special education have been documented in the literature. Specifically, research has examined possible reasons that might justify the overrepresentation of minorities in special education including bias in the referral process, bias in assessment tools, English diction Proficiency of a child, poverty, gender, race, and poor academic achievement (Hosp & Reschly, 2004). Referral process One factor that whitethorn go to disproportionality involves the referral process for special education.Referral for assessment has been cited as an important prognosticator of subsequent special education placement (Ysseldyke, Vanderwood, & Shriner, 1 997). Ysseldyke et al. (1997) found that 90% to 92% of referred students are tested and 70% to 74% of tested students were then declared eligible for special education placement. Thus, if a child is referred to a multidisciplinary team for special education eligibility status, there is a high probability that the student will be identified with a disability and be placed in a special education program.One possible explanation for over appellative of students for special education may be due to the information processing strategies of multidisciplinary team decision makers, which can cause the presence of a confirmatory bias (OReilly et al. , 1989). Confirmatory bias can occur when the multidisciplinary team decision makers have a tendency to gather information that confirms a hypothesis that is being tested and ignores contradictory information. This can depart in special education decisions that are not basald on objective evidence and premise to inappropriate placements.Thus, if teachers are biased in their referral decisions, psychologists may confirm already flawed judgments (Podwell & Soodak, 1993). In terms of demographics, research has shown that teachers over refer African American, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian/Alaskan internal staminates to programs for students with learning disabilities, emotional/behavioral problems, speech and diction disorders, and mild cognitive disorders in comparison to female and clean-living middle class students (Grossman, 1995).The majority of teachers nationwide are lily-white therefore cultural misunderstanding of expectations may affect referral rates of non-White students (Hosp & Reschly, 2003). For example, differences amidst students and teachers in learning style, verbal style, social style, and cultural information has been suggested to enumerate for some proportion of minority students poor school performance which may lead to referral and subsequent placement in special education (Harry, 1994 ). Assessment procedures Overrepresentation could also be a extend of bias in the assessment procedures used to identify students for special education.Assessment procedures that are not suited to the diverse characteristics of the students gauged may result in misleading and biased information about their academic abilities (Grossman, 1995). For example, unfamiliarity with the assessment process may invalidate results. Grossman (1995) cited research that African American/Black and Hispanic/Latino children may be more than than anxious during assessments to the point that the anxiety interferes with performance because they are not familiar with the assessment process.Today, more minority children continue to be placed into special education on the basis of intelligence tests, even though it has been suggested that intelligence instruments as a basis for placement are imperfect and unfair (Agbenyega & Jiggetts, 1999). The validity and dependability of intelligence tests has bee n discussed when such measures are used with minority students (Reschly & Grimes, 2002). learning tests are valid only if they measure a students ability to learn and to predict how the student will function in specific learning situations (Grossman, 1995).Furthermore, since the reliability of many assessments is established by studying their use with White students, they may be perfidious when used with non-White students (Grossman, 1995). It has been asserted that intelligence tests reflect the cultural knowledge base and cognitive and linguistic orientations of their creators (Harry, Klinger, Sturges, & Moore, 2002). Intelligence tests have been criticized as being culturally, socially, and racially biased because they reflect White, middle class values and experiences and therefore, are not applicable to minority children (Agbenyega & Jiggetts, 1999).It has been suggested that traditional measures of intelligence are not biased if certain standards are met. For example, standa rds should require a rigorous implementation of procedural safeguards in the referral, classification, and placement process implementation of multifactored assessments intentional to identify specific educational needs by a group of professionals and programming and placement decisions make by a team that included professionals and parents (Reschly & Grimes, 2002).Nevertheless, there are concerns about using intelligence measures like the Wechsler scales in making identification decisions. Such concerns include that different environments provide different preparation for the test, the condense item content of the test, and negative outcomes associated with the use of intelligence tests (Reschly & Grimes, 2002). Therefore, the use of more culturally fair measures of cognitive processing, such as the CAS, may be an important step in addressing the disproportionality problem in special education.English talking to Proficiency Since most standardized tests are administered in Engli sh and normed on proficient English speakers, a linguistic bias may also invalidate the results of an valuation if the assessment is conducted in a language that the student is not proficient in. For example, English Language Learners have been found to perform subvert than proficient English speakers on standardized assessments in knowledge, science, and mathematics (Abedi, 2002).However, the performance gap between English Language Learners and proficient English speakers was greatest in content areas that required a higher language expect (i. e. , reading) and less or almost non-existent in content areas that required less language demand (i. e. , mathematic computation). The linguistic complexity of the actual test items, unrelated to the content being assessed, may be a reason for poorer performance for English Language Learners on standardized tests.Thus, these tests may function more as an English proficiency test than a test of ability or achievement (Abedi, 2002). This problem can impact special education identification and placement because there are very few school psychologists who are bilingual and are able to provide linguistically appropriate assessment services in the school (Grossman, 1995). The takeation of English Language Proficiency is important since it is estimated that more than 3. 5 million children in U. S. schools have Limited English Proficiency (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003). However, there has been limited research on the representation of English Language Learners in special education programs since state departments of education often do not gather data about language proficiency of students in special education. Artiles et al. (2005) assessed the magnitude of disproportionate representation of English Language Learners in 11 urban California school districts. Placement patterns at the primary level indicated an absence of overrepresentation in special education.However, overrepresentation of English Language Learners was dete cted at the end of mere(a) school (4th grade) and continued through the high school years. Children who demonstrated limited proficiency in their inbred language as well as in English had the highest rate of identification in high incidence special education categories (i. e. , learning disability). Impact of gender Other variables have also been examined to evaluate their influence on the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education.For example, recent research has looked at gender as a soothsayer of special education placement (Coutinho & Oswald, 2005 Coutinho et al. , 2002). In general, gender disproportionality has been found to exist in special education with male students more plausibly to be overrepresented in special education. Boys are about twice as likely as girls to be identified with a learning disability and almost three and half times more likely to be identified with a serious emotional disturbance (Coutinho & Oswald, 2005). Coutinho et al.(2002) investigated the extent of disproportionality among students with a learning disability and described the relationship between ethnicity, gender, and socio-demographic variables (i. e. , poverty indicators, Limited English Proficiency status, parent education, etc. ). The findings showed an association between ethnicity, gender and the odds of being identified as a student with a learning disability. White, African American/Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and Hispanic/Latino males were all at least twice as likely as White females to receive special education.African American/Black and Hispanic/Latino females were essentially as likely as White females to receive special education. American Indian/Alaskan Native females were more likely than White females to receive special education. Asian males and females were both less likely than White females to receive special education services (Coutinho et al. , 2002). In addition to student characteristics, results ind icated that socio-demographic characteristics were important in determining the likelihood of being identified as learning disabled.However, the impact of the socio-demographic characteristics was found to be different for each gender-ethnicity group. For example, increase poverty was associated with increased identification of a learning disability for African American/Black, Hispanic/Latino, and male Asian students. For White and American Indian/Alaskan Native students, increased poverty was associated with lower identification rates (Coutinho et al. , 2002). Economic, demographic, and achievement factors Oswald et al.(1999) examined the influence of economic and demographic variables on the identification of minority students for special education. The study examined the extent U. S. school districts displayed patterns of disproportionate presentation in the identification of minority students as mildly mentally retarded (MMR) and serious emotional disturbance (SED). It also anal yzed the extent disproportionate representation at the district level is predicted by other district characteristics including school characteristics and demographic and economic factors (Oswald et al. , 1999).Oswald et al. (1999) used predictor variables that included median housing value, median income, percentage of children below the poverty level, percentage of adults in the participation with a 12th grade education or less, percentage of children enrolled in school who are considered at risk (i. e. , from a single parent home, below the poverty level, and where the mother does not have a high school diploma or GED) and percentage of children who were Limited English Proficient. Race of the student was classified ad as African American/Black or non-African American/non-Black.Results indicated that African American/Black students were 2. 4 times more likely to be identified as MMR and approximately 1. 5 times more likely to be identified as SED than non-African American/Black s tudents. Additionally, environmental and demographic variables were found to be significant predictors of identification of students as MMR or SED. For example, as poverty and drop-out levels increased, more African Americans/Blacks were identified as MMR, but less were classified as SED.Furthermore, there was a disproportionate number of African American/Black students classified as SED in wealthier communities. It was suggested that these results may indicate that wealthier communities are more tolerant of cognitive impairments and less tolerant of emotionally challenging behaviors of African Americans/Blacks (Oswald et al. , 1999). Poor academic achievement is often a reason for referral and eventual placement in special education.Hosp and Reschly (2004) hypothesized that differences in academic achievement between racial and ethnic groups may lead to differences in referral and subsequent placement rates for special education. These researchers expanded on findings of Oswald et al. (1999) and included achievement variables with demographic and economic predictor variables of White, African American, Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaskan Native ethnic/racial groups in an effort to better understand disproportionate representation of minorities in special education.In their study, demographic predictors included the base rates of various ethnic backgrounds (base rate of White students, base rate of African American/Black students, base rate of Hispanic/Latino students, base rate of Asian/Pacific Islander students, base rate of American Indian/Alaskan Native students) in the district, percentage of students in the community who were Limited English Proficient, and base rate of students in the district identified who had a disability.Economic predictors included median house value of the community, median household income, percentage of adults in community who have a 12th grade education or less, and percentage of children who are conside red at risk. Academic predictors included percentage of each ethnic group who achieved mastery in criterion reading and criterion math. Results indicated that economic, demographic and academic blocks of variables contributed to the prediction of disproportionate representation.Specifically, Hosp and Reschly (2004) found that the block of economic variables was the strongest predictor for mental retardation diagnosis, the demographic block of variables was the strongest predictor for emotional disturbance, and the academic block of variables was a strong predictor for a learning disability diagnosis. For African American/Black, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian/Alaskan Native students, the demographic variables were the strongest predictors for emotional disturbance and learning disability.It is not possible to comment on the influence of each individual variable in its ability to predict special education eligibility since related variables were grouped unneurotic as broader bl ocks of variables. An bionomic framework How bias in the referral process, bias in assessment techniques, English Language Proficiency, gender, socioeconomic status, and demographics contribute to the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education may be better understood by considering an ecological developmental framework.According to Bronfenbrenner (1992), understanding human development requires a consideration of the interaction of diverse characteristics of a child and of the environment in which the child is embedded. Bronfenbrenner (1992) suggests a hierarchy of ecological contexts that effect human development that move from the most proximal to the most remote. The first of these contexts is the microsystem, which has the most motive to influence the course of development for the child (Bronfenbrenner & Crouter, 1983).Bronfenbrenner (1992) defined a microsystem as a pattern of activities, roles, and interpersonal relations experienced by the de veloping person in a given setting with occurrence physical and material features, and containing other persons with distinctive characteristics of temperament, personality, and systems of belief (p. 227). Such settings include the home, school, or peer group. The microsystem considers the immediate environment a child develops in, as well as the characteristics of all other people (i. e. , parents, teachers, siblings, etc. ) also in that environment.The characteristics of other people in the childs environment might include demographic features (age, race/ethnicity, and sex), cognitive abilities and skills, or temperaments/personalities. For example, a child whose parents only speak a language other than English may have difficulty acquiring English, which may put them at risk for lower achievement lots and a higher probability of being referred for special education services. Children interact with their teachers daily. Personalities and belief systems of the teacher may impact how he/she views the child and therefore, influences how the teacher interacts with the child.A teacher who lacks cultural awareness may inappropriately refer a child to the multidisciplinary team. Thus, the microsystem may be the most important ecological level to consider when analyzing factors that relate to the overrepresentation of specific racial/ethnic groups because it considers not only the characteristics of the environment a child develops in, but the characteristics of those who interact with that child. The most distal ecological system is the macrosystem. The macrosystem is the largest ecological level and is typically defined by region, societies, cultural values, and governmental and economic institutions.The macrosystem involves the belief systems prevailing in the world. At this level, the individual has little control over the factors related to disproportionality, but it is important to understand the intent of the laws governing special education programs and th e national coating to decrease the overrepresentation of minority groups in special education. Conclusion Disproportionate representation is a complex phenomenon without a definite etiology or solution. As a result of this complexity, consensus has yet to be reached regarding the actual causes of this contumacious dilemma.What is clear is that a variety of educational, sociocultural, socioeconomic, and teacher and school-related factors appear to contribute to the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education programs. Current literature on overrepresentation of certain students in special education focuses more on the general patterns of disproportionality rather than examining if there are specific variables related to special education representation (Donovan & Cross, 2002). Thus, the causes of the disproportionate representation of minorities in special education are not clearly understood.Therefore, it is important to consider structural and commun ity level variables to provide a framework for analyzing the problem. Indirectly these variables affect the prescribed evaluation procedures, parental involvement in the special education process, and the availability of alternative programs (Turnbull & Turabull, 2001). Bronfenbrenners (1992) expanded ecological ikon provides a conceptual framework for examining and understanding the factors that influence disproportionate representation of minorities in special education.An ecological approach considers the context within which individuals function and that influence individuals. In using Bronfenbrenners framework, the larger issue of disproportionality should consider the combined influences of various contexts a child is a member, including the locality (type of neighborhood and resources), the organization (school factors such as performance, racial/ethnicity composition, teacherstudent ratios, or discipline), the microsystem (family characteristics such as size, socioeconomic status, and education level), and the individual (unique characteristics of the child)

Paying Division One Athletes

ENG 100P April 12, 2013 Pay to Play Should Division One College Athletes be gainful? E very year division champion college athletes put every(prenominal)thing they rich person on the line during usage fooling and beat hundreds of millions of dollars for their schools and the NCAA every year. These athletes arent just defending for the love of the game anymore once they defecate the division one level, it turns into more of a job than an activity. The players spend hours every single day dedicating some each of their cartridge clip to the sport they play.These athletes wee just as farsighted and much harder than your average someone working a nine to five job, so why breakt the athletes get give for their payloads to their team ups? Last year the NCAA made 871. 6 million dollars from division one sports. The average division one mens football game team brings in 15. 8 million dollars to their school each year. The marrow of gold that these sports make for their s chool is so high the players should get some kind of reward for all they do for their schools.The old rules that say college athletes cant be paid in any way necessarily to change, division one college athletes deserve to be paid for all they do for the NCAA and their schools. Growing up every athletes dreams of playing in that national championship game for their dream school and gain ground the winning touchdown or overtime goal. As a child you dont realize that perpetration it takes to be part of a division one athletic team. Coming from a big lacrosse and football town, my friends and I have gone by the division one recruiting process and subsist how hard it is to play a division one sport.Many of my former teammates play division one lacrosse and after talking to them I realized really how tough it is to play a division one sport. When asked virtually how lacrosse at unnameable Heart University was going, Freshman Spencer Hackett said Ive grown up with lacrosse and I lo ve the sport very much, but division one is so much more then I thought it would be. usual I have two practices that last at least two hour, then after that I have mandatory lift and film sessions. Spencer dedicates at least six hours every day for his team, and theyre one of the lowest ranked teams in division one, I can only imagine the commitment it takes to play on a high ranked team. In my personal experience of going through the division one recruiting process, I saw how much blood sweat and tears go into macrocosm a division one athlete. On my overnight visit at University of Massachusetts, which is a top 20 team, most of my day was watching the team practice, or lift, or watch film.It seemed like everything they did was revolved approximately lacrosse and to me thats not what college is about. These division one athletes have such little time to socialize and make friends outside of their sports everything they do is revolved around their sports. The fact that athletes wi llingly dedicate so much time to their sports is a huge reason why they should be paid. Division one athletics, especially sports such as football and basketball, are passing profitable for the NCAA and for their schools. According to NCAA. org, the NCAAs r sluiceue for the 2011-2012 athletic seasons was 871. million dollars. The NCAA makes an extremely large amount of money from division athletics, with most of the money coming from television contracts and championships such as March Madness. Schools such as Texas make hundreds of millions of dollars because of their excellence in many sports, last year their football team profited $68,830,484. A lot of the money schools make, such as Texas, is from deceiveing merchandise. Big name schools sell tons of merchandise to the public selling products such as jerseys should be illegal if they players dont get paid.Why could they sell jerseys with players number on them but that player doesnt get compensated for utilize their number on the jersey? Robert and Amy McCormick of Michigan State University have added a new dimension to the long debate over paying athletes by arguing they are employees under federal labor laws and authorise to form unions and negotiate wages, hours and working conditions. Robert McCormick was the former attorney for the Nation Labor Relations Board and if he is saying that these players are employees, its about time that the NCAA recognizes them as employees also.A common argument against paying college athletes is that they wont compete as hard because it wont be the same as when they werent getting paid, but that argument has absolutely nothing to do with paying players. If anything, paying the players would make them work harder so that they could make more money I believe that the best way to go about paying these players would be contracts, just like the professional athletes and like any other employee in the joined States.These contracts would go on to say that the players woul d be paid an amount depending on their contribution to the team and that learners would admit to finish their schooling so that they have a backup jut. That is why youre supposed to go to college in the first place, isnt it? So that you can get a good education To do this the NCAA would need the support from the professional sport teams and not draft players who havent graduated college yet. another(prenominal) argument why players shouldnt be paid to play is because they students-athletes and that there is a reason student becomes before athletes.Realistically, these young men and women arent student-athletes at all. Many of the players on division one team would never have gotten into college if it werent for sports. Also, if they are student-athletes then where do they find the time to do their schoolwork when they have practice, film, lifting, running etc. all day? The only reason many athletes go to college is so that they can get looks from the pros. If they are student-at hletes then why do many of them leave college after a year or two to play professional sport?Its because college is just a stepping-stone to them, they dont care about the school aspect. When it comes to division one athletes, they are athletes first and students second. The players know it, the coaches know it, the fans know it, the only people who dont know it are the people who make up the NCAA. In conclusion, times have changed and its time to pay division one athletes for their commitment and for the money they bring in for the schools and the NCAA. With college athletics competition being so tough now and so competitive, players have to dedicate so much more time to their sports then in the past.College athletics are not longer a sport that players do for fun, college athletics are now a job for the players that consists of hours of practice everyday and throwing your social life out for your sports college athletics make hundreds of millions of dollars for the NCAA and tens o f millions of dollars for the schools, so why is it that these players dont get compensated for their commitment and contribution to the schools and the NCAA? I personally believe that it is ridiculous that players dont get paid anymore.One of my best friends Dylan Baumgardner, a lacrosse player at Quinnipiac University said it perfectly when asked if he pipe down loved playing lacrosse, I dont play lacrosse anymore, I go to class, then I go to work all day, then I go to sleep. Joe Nocera of the New York Times, came up with a plan for college athletics that would make college athletics work like professional sports with signing bonuses, salary caps, insurance, player unions and it would even offer additional scholarships to players who want to further their education. This plan will go into consideration in 2014.