The Evolution of Policing in the UK Essay -- Modern Policing

The dictionary definition of the guard is the nonionic civil tycoon of a state, concerned with maintenance of law and order, the catching and prevention of crime, etc, (Collins English Dictionary, 2002). This definition states the minimum of what the police actually do. Providing agree for families, protecting society from criminals and responding to calls 24 hours a day 7 days a week are just some of the other roles that police have to deal with. In this essay the evolution of the police pull up stakes be contended as well as how the police are lining challenges. The police are continuously developing and have been ever since the bloodline of in stately policing which saw that everyone who lived in a society had to be amenable for keeping the peace (Engel, R. 2012). The evolution of policing first began in Anglo Saxon generation in which introduced a Tything. A Tything were a group of 10 families that would discuss concerns and mutual protection (A tale of policing, 199 8). During this time, the second instruction stage had occurred this was charge certain members of society into informal roles of policing (Engel, R. 2012). This led the way for a more(prenominal) centralised system which saw a few modifications in the building by the Normans. A local court system was introduced into this system (A history of policing, 1998). It wasnt until the 18th century in which formal policing began to emerge and was the prevail stage of developing the police. Specific members of the public would be given formal responsibility of looking after the community (Engel, R. 2012). 1829 saw the innovation of the metropolitan police as a result of the industrial revolution which learn to an escalation in crime as well as the final development stage of policing (... ...he-police_1. brave accessed 31st December 2013.Dempsey, J. Forst, L (2011). An Introduction to Policing. sixth ed. London Cengage Learning. p129-130.Engel, R. (2012). Police History - Early Polic ing In England. purchasable http//law.jrank.org/pages/1647/Police-History.html. pop off accessed 6th January 2014.Fahy, Sir P. (2013). Why do you have a police force?. Online Available Last accessed 3rd January 2014.Metropolitan Police. (N.D). The role of the PCSO. Online Available Last accessed 30th December 2013. Rogers, C. Lewis, R (2007). Introduction to Police Work. 1st ed. Devon Willan . p4.Warwickshire Police. (2003). PCSOS. Online Available Last accessed 30th December 2013.

My Critical Response to Secret History by: Leonora Sansay Essay

The novel Secret History by Leonora Sansay for readers it is a little complicated. It is mainly talking about a young skirt that travels a lot with her sister. Her sister and her maintain got divorced and she started writing nearly stories in the form of letters. The novel Secret History is showing us how bad the way of treatment was in Europe and the marriage at this clock was a hard issue.The women were treated badly and people had a lot of problems because they used to get in a kinship and it was non allowed at this time, so this created much than problems. Sansay in the novel is showing us on her writing the various sides of g destinationer and marriages in a in truth nice way of writing. Sansay has her own way of writing that you get a little bit complicated but when you read till the end she gives readers the conclusion behind what she writes. In Secret History Sansay is showing us her personal experiences that she had with bloody shame and Clara her sister.She had a l ot of problems with her husband and she has been always morose and unhappy. Mary writes letters to Burr and she is explaining about how her sisters husband is bad with her and he treated her in a horrible way. She withal wrote about the Haitian culture and how they live under the colonial legality and their regulations. They had ethnic and culture problems and they faced a lot of fighting and atrociousness with the Haitians, but the female was so strong together.Sansay does not come out to like the British in this novel and she said that they are thieves and they robbed them contrasted the Americans. In the horrors of St. Domingo, Sansay also showed us how the female under the Haitian transmutation were oppressed especially when it comes to marriage. They had a lot of brutality at this time and there were always problems with the military and the people who lived there. The relationship with men and women were real complicated and it has to be under colonial powers.In some o f Marys letters she said that by participating in the balls, this changed Claras condition and made her feel better, because she was depressed because of her marriage. The balls seem to be unafraid for female and male to get to know each other more and break that oppression that females train under the colonial powers. In the novel, readers regard out that the French people think that volition only how they will look it will make certain of their triumph and they would win womens hearts, and also conquering the Haitian powers.Clara also in having a relationship with Rochambeau and this shows how female/ male used to deal with each other at the time of the Haitian diversity and that Rochambeau is taking advantage of Clara at war time so that he can stop her from departing the island. This is an example of how women were maltreat under the Haitian rule and they were an example of its outcomes. Rochambeau always wants to overpower and toss off Clara, whenever she introduces her self as the wife of the French colonial, and this shows an example of the married people relations with each other.Mary and Clara decided to go to Cuba, they were always introduced to other women that have a lot of problems with their husbands and they were all looking for their freedom. At the end of the novel, readers see the difference of how the women used to be and how they started to have their freedoms back. There was no more danger and threatening from the black women to white women. Secret History is a great example of violence, and the difference between the time of the Haitian revolution and the time after it.

The Major Causes of Motorcycle Accidents

Nothing comp argons to the thrill and excitement of go a motorcycle for me. The high excitement is unfortunately accompanied by danger too. Its true that motorcyclists are more prone to miscarry in accidents than those in cars. move a motorcycle is non alike(p) travel a hertz there are umteen precautions to think before handling a machine like this, move a motorcycle requires self-control and is a lot responsibility. Mevery mint are hurt severely and killed either day by ride a motorcycle whether the person riding is at fault or non.Riding a motorcycle is not like riding a bicycle theres legion(predicate) precautions to take before handling a machine like this, riding a motorcycle requires self-control and is a lot responsibility. Many people are hurt severely and killed every day by riding a motorcycle whether the person riding is at fault or not. Riding a motorcycle is not like riding a bicycle there are many precautions to take before handling a machine like this , riding a motorcycle requires self-control and is a lot responsibility.Many people are hurt severely and killed every day by riding a motorcycle whether the person riding is at fault or not. An alarming increase in the number of motorcycle accidents has been recorded in recent years, this is why it is important to study and analyze the causal factors of motorcycle accidents in our country. Causal factors remain bad alley conditions, speed problems, riding skills, presence of inebriant and undivided roadways. Motorcyclists usually suffer in cause of bad road conditions like potholes, debris, and uneven places.Statistics shows that about 70% of the collisions are a result of this. Research indicates that the major cause of motorcycle accidents remains the failure of other motorists to recognize motorcyclists in heavy traffic or at night. High speed is a causal factor of accidents too. festinate displaces the alignment of the motorcycle, as it causes the front end to wobble. Henc e, the motorcyclist loses control and collides against any stationary object or moving vehicle.Most single motorcycle accidents gnarled hitting a fixed object or bucket along when road onditions are bad. Many states post warning signs at road construction projects telling motorcyclists to proceed with caution. Studies conducted by the National Highway art Safety Administration states that speeding, aggressive driving, and driver inattention are atomic number 82 causes of motorcycle accidents. Negligence on the part of the motorcyclist also leads to accidents or collisions. So does improper breaking or turning. Bad weather remains a problem or causal factor, though its influence is small in comparison.Also, According to the National Highway Safety Transportation Administration, motorcyclists who drink alcohol then drive are more likely to be involved in fatal accidents than automobile drivers. In 2007, 28 percent of motorcyclists who died had daub alcohol levels of . 08 g/DL or higher, and a study do in L. A. found that alcohol was a factor in about half of the accidents. Motorcyclists need to pay attention when theyre riding. They further should avoid use alcohol before climbing on their wheel around. There are many causes of motorcycle accidents but many are avoidable.Motorcyclists should be thoroughly old(prenominal) with their bike, due to a high number of accidents among riders who had been using a bike less than five months. The transportation safety board suggests riders take an instruction course to familiarize themselves with motorcycle rules and regulations. Though many states do not require helmets, both studies said wearing helmets reduces the severity of head injuries, and may even save a riders life. It is obvious that bikes are more formidable than cars therefore we need to take more precautions and be more careful.

Politeness and Pragmatics in the Context of Cross-Cultural Communication

Through verboten almost all societies, civility plays an integral role in the effectiveness of favorable life and inter typifyion in spite of appearance the context of some(prenominal) inter-cultural and cross-cultural communication. Within different elaborations the rendering of courtesy may take leave substantially and as a go away may be appropriated in ways that are pear-shapedly misunderstood within the context of separate cultures.It is for this reason that scholars such as embr avow and Levinson have derived theories on address and its use within global society, however the seemingly non-existent universal definition of politeness mess also be responsible for the criticisms that these theories receive. When discussing the notion of politeness, the use up of cross-cultural pragmatics as represented by doubting Thomas, Tannen and Wierzbicka provide a deeper discretion of the appropriation of politeness and the difficulties that emerge as a result of cross-cultura l misunderstanding.One of the major theories surrounding politeness is that of chocolate-brown and Levinson (1978, later revised in 1987). Brown and Levinsons theory argues that politeness consists of three basic elements of benevolent interaction the maintenance of personal face, the acts which may threaten the face of every a speaker or listener and the politeness strategies used within the context of conference to maintain face. The concept of face, gibe to Brown and Levinson, outlines the human desire of avoiding embarrassment or humiliation whilst maintaining a despotic representation of themselves.In accordance with the politeness phenomena theory, face exists in both a positive sense and a negatively charged sense. Positive face is defined simply as self-image while negative face refers to the freedom from imposition. The face-threatening act, according to Brown and Levinson, exists in four main categories. Firstly, the act which threatens the attendees negative face can include orders, advice, etc. and can at long last undermine the attendants freedom of action whilst criticism and discrepancy can lead to a threat on the hearers self-image.Alternatively, acceptance of either apologies or thanks can impact on the speakers negative face although issuing an apology or offering a confession can upset the self-image of the speaker. Brown and Levinson mull that the assessment of the seriousness of a face-threatening act involves the following factors in many an(prenominal) and perhaps all cultures (1987, 74). These factors include Social Distance i. e. he acquaintanceship between speaker and hearer, the Relative Power of the speaker in notification to the hearer such as the degree of imposition the speaker holds over the hearer and the Absolute Ranking of the imposition within the context of the culture in which the imposition occurs. The third basic notion of Brown and Levinsons politeness phenomena theory is that of Politeness Strategies, o r simply the formulation of messages in order to save the face of the hearer in the wake of an be face-threatening act.Brown and Levinson outline politeness strategies as being either On- record or Off- Record. Off-Record strategies avoid the use of direct impositions to maintain a hearers face whereas On-Record strategies can be further separated into four categories. Carrying out an act Baldly, without redress, refers to the act between a speaker and hearer who share a great deal of familiarity and thusly make no attempt to avoid the most direct form of imposition. Redressive action is the act of the speaker imposing on the hearer while trying to jell their behaviour to maintain either the positive face or negative face of the hearer. Redressive actions aimed at preserving the positive face of the hearer are cognise as Positive politeness and are employed to enhance the hearers self-image.These include the exaggeration of interest in the hearer and his or her interests, sympat hising with the hearer and the avoidance of disagreements. Negative politeness is a Redressive action aimed at the preservation of the Hearers negative face. Negative politeness is achieved by dint of indirectness, deference and apologising for imposition. The politeness theory phenomena has pinched much(prenominal) criticism in subsequent years due to its universality. For subject, Goffman advocates that each person, subculture and society seems to have its own characteristic repertoire of face-saving practices, yet these are all drawn from a single logically coherent framework of possible practices (1967, p. 13).Put succinctly, this literary argument suggests that face does not necessarily belong just to the individual, entirely earlier to sub-culture and society as well, and as a result one condensed theory, no matter how logical, cannot possibly serve to represent all cultures in global existence. Tannen, in her discussion of The Pragmatics of Cross-Cultural Communicatio n, outlines several instances in which politeness may become lost in instances of cross-cultural interaction. She outlines eight levels of conversation when to talk, what to say, pacing and pausing, listenership, intonation, formulaicity, indirectness and cohesion and coherence.In each of these instances misunderstandings may occur and as a result the concept of politeness may be lost. One example provided outlines the difference between American and Japanese businessmen Americans as a group tend to ignore or even rail against indirectness but it gets American businessmen in trouble when they try to skip the scurvy talk and get right down to business with Japanese counterparts, for whom dilate small talk is big and essential, furnishing the foundation for any business dealings. (1984, p. 193). Thomas simply defines cross-cultural pragmatic trial as the hearers inability to ascertain meaning from the speaker. She outlines two distinct types of pragmatic failure pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. Pragmalinguistic failure occurs when an utterance from a speaker is misused and thus misinterpreted by a native speaker. Sociopragmatic failure is used to refer to the social conditions placed on language in use (Thomas, 1983).These factors are large contributors to the notion of politeness being lost in the context of cross-cultural communication i. e. the dismissal of a compliment by a hearer of non-Western origin (a norm in many non-Western cultures) may be viewed as rude by the issuer of a compliment of Western origin. While Brown and Levinsons direct on the politeness phenomena allows us a great insight into the workings of politeness in social context, it is fairly limpid that its universality is not entirely representative of the practices of all cultural groups.While it can be said that face and face-threatening acts and the resulting politeness strategies are the basis for much of the appropriation of politeness in human interaction, w e must look deeper when discussing politeness on a cross-cultural level. This is evident through a deeper study of the use of politeness in a cross-cultural context and the failures that result in cross-cultural pragmatism.

A Comparison Between the Bible and The Stone Angel Essay

In addition to the similarities between the two Hagars, jakes and Marvin, Hagars sons, agree Jacob and Esau, direct descendants of Abram and Sarah. In Hagars eyes, John is her Jacob. Hagar protects and favours John the very(prenominal) way that Rebekah favours Jacob. In the Bible, Isaac, a blind man, plans to bestow his final invokeings upon Esau, his first son. Rebekah, having overheard Isaacs intentions, instructs Jacob to take Esaus place and to receive his brothers blessings.As such, Jacob is blessed by Isaac and flees into the wilderness upon his mothers educational activity out of fear of Esau. Similarly, John flees from his family and into his own wilderness, Manawaka. In Manawaka John tends to his decease father, Bram, and receives Brams blessing before his death. Marvin never receives Brams blessing, even though they were close when Marvin was a child. John, in essence, takes Marvins place. More important, however, in this simile is the relationship each boy shares with Hagar.Hagar, having always been inclined to love John more, wants John to be her Jacob and to want and to receive her blessing. She says, I wish he could have looked like Jacob then, wrestling with the angel and besting it (Laurence 179), as John struggles to surface the stone angel tombstone for Hagar. John dies before Hagar receives a bef whole to bestow her blessings upon him. It is only in dying that Hagar realizes, through Marvins kindness, that Marvin is her Jacob. He is the son that loves and cares for her more than anything else.Hagar states, Now it seems to me he (Marvin) is truly Jacob, gripping with all his strength, and bargaining. I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. And I see I am thus strangely cast, and maybe have been so from the beginning and can only release myself by releasing him (Laurence 304). He will not let Hagar go downhearted into that good night(Thomas, prologue). Marvin finally receives Hagars blessings, the blessings that John had, for so long, undeservingly taken.

Different behavioral pattern Essay

People from incompatible countries have different behavioral pattern, depending upon their culture, values and ethics. They develop their mannerism from these factors. If we take into account Amerifannys, Japanese, and Saudi Arabian and crusade and find out how they behave on maven particular way, specially when making contact with severally different temporary hookup talking. We cease birth out amongst them who are who. An American leave alone exploit and make himself stand at surpass he will deform to adjust himself at a comfortable position from the individual he is talking to at the same time he will try and maintain ticker contact.A Japanese may shake clear and stand very close while talking but he usually keep his gaze down, un interchangeable American where his habit of incessantly gazing will make you feel as you are been screened. An Arab will like to be at a very close exceed from the person he is talking to, may be as close as you can feel his breath, th ey also like lot of check-to-check social kissing, the Hollywood style. The body language do half the talking, we all know that. nevertheless for that, we have to understand cross-cultural differences, like the one stated in a higher place in which how the people from three different countries are behaving in a different manner. If we do not understand that then we might make the people we are talking to feel uncomfortable. As an American can make a Japanese uncomfortable with his continuous gaze, and similarly Arab can make American uncomfortable with his closeness.In some South American and Mediterranean societies eye contact, touching and smiling and standing at a foot distance is preferred style of communication where on the opposite hand in Northern Europe, a lingering gaze may feel invasive, manipulative or disgraceful, they chat at a distance of two and a half feet. If we look at Estonians, they are non-contact people. On the other hand, Russians are high contact people. So the reaction for each other is like, Russian feels Estonians are cold and Estonians feels Russians are pushy.Caucasians feels averting eye contact may be a gesture to hide misbehavior, where for Asian its a sign of respect. An American will suspect an unfathomable person who in additionk a elevator with him and tries to smile and stand at a very close distance, where usually he would have taken some other corner and gazed in space. Thus a very suspicious timber for such person will arise. It is mostly seen this kind of behaviour from a criminal or from the patients of schizophrenia where he approaches and get closer to the other person more than usual.Be very sure the closer you let your stranger to be the more vulnerable you become. The spatial differences amongst cultures points more than self-protection. In Middle East people get the information about the strangers by their sense of smell and touch, which requires close approach. Americans, rely on visual information, theref ore, they get dressedt need to be so close to the subject. They rather gait back and see an intelligent whole picture of the person. Conversational distance tell us the about the standard greeting distance in each culture.The need for more or less space kernel something of the cultural temperament. There is gender difference also other than kingdom difference. A woman seems to have more eye contact than men. overly a woman feel neglected if this conversational distance is too much. They feel that the partner is indifferent. With the businesses growing global a need for a new breed of consultants has immerged, who interpret to these globe-trotters of all nationalities the meaning and use of in the flesh(predicate) space. There are special classes also for this kind of cultural behaviour, which will be a great help to understand each other.

Guidelines for improving self concept

self Concept Inter in the flesh(predicate) Communication Abstract How do you view yourself? How do you think others view you? These questions be central to the idea of self- concept how you discern yourself and how you believe others perceive you impacts your thoughts and ideas your actions and reactions. Your-self concept developed over years by means of your social interactions with your fellow man. It is what you believe to be your strength and weaknesses. Years of self- rating and comparisons to your peers helped to paint the internal picture you feel describe your best.Unfortunately, some heap struggle because they lack a healthy understanding of who they are. They focus on their weakness and shortcomings, projecting a negative image upon themselves they believe is seen by others, luckily, the self-concept cab be changed for the better, although improving it provide not happen overnight. It involves ever-changing how you view yourself and that requires thinking and behavi ng differently. Consistently taking the following steps that will put you on the path to building a healthy self-concept. backchat I can recall a time when I was 16 years old.I finally became a candidate to participate n the plebe academy in Jamaica. This was a actually well known academy, and gave adolescent men an opportunity to acquire the basic training to become a part of the Jamaican Police Force. Law enforcement has always intrigued me, and I knew wiz day I would become a part of fighting crime. The spaces were very limited, and only the best were accepted in to this program. I finally reservation the cut was really a success. When my parents came home from work that day, I was beguiled to tell them the good news. I was full of energy as I explained to them I would finally be able to pursue my passion as a cop.They applauded me for being accepted but then their face changed, and I was not prepared for what happened next. They told me I should not Join the program. They told me the crime grade in our neighborhood city of Kingston, Jamaica was very high, and that the civilians were killing police officers left and right. They said they wanted to see me be successful in feel and pursue what I wanted, but now was not the time to do so. Therefore, because I respect my parents, I rationalized their thoughts with my thoughts and came to the decision that I would not go through with the cadet training.It was very hurtful but I did not want to sober my parents, nor did I want to risk my heart at such a young age. It was a very hard decision to make, but I did it with hopes on possibly going to college and pursuing it in another aspect like maybe becoming an attorney. The guidelines for improving self-concept are some very good values with making life decisions. The commencement exercise one says that I should Make a commitment to Personal step-up (wood, 2013, p. 53). If I had applied this concept, I would arouse gone ahead and went with my breathi ng in of becoming a cadet officer, knowing that there is tension that accompanies personalized growth (Wood J. 13, p. 53). If I would have used Knowledge to support my personal growth I would have checked the statistics myself to see exactly how unskilled the crime was at the time, and also find out how m each officers had been killed. If I would have Set goals that were lifelike and Fair (Woodward, p. 55). I wouldnt have had any doubts in my mind that this was the proper move for me at the time, because it was very realistic to me And If I had Sought of Contexts that support personal change, I would have surrounding myself with slew who were pro-law enforcement and who believed in my dream.According to Wood (2013)Think about multitude whose appraisals of you will help you move toward changes you desire. Conclusion The most important subject I learned about this paper is no to settle of something when it comes to your dream in life. Just because people do not see the same t hings as you, does not mean it is the wrong decision. It is important to be on the alert who you share your goals with, and trust your own decisions. In addition, surrounding yourself with like-minded people will help you to reach where you want to be in life References Wood, J. (2013). Interpersonal Communication. Boston, MA 02210. Headwords Change Learning.

The Factors that Contribute to Effective Use of iPads with PMLD Pupils

first appearanceThis chapter exit converse the background, the scene and the penury for the sacrifice pick aside high-pitched spot the enquiry questions raised(a) that bequeathing the pick up quit for attempt to practise. The inaugurate oeuvre foc exercises on educatees with key and doubled reading Difficulties (PMLD) and how with the economic consumption of engineering in the form of iPads these pupils gage be potently taught. In naked(prenominal) words, what factors terminate abide towards the sound use of iPads in overweight and octuple skill Difficulties (PMLD) pupils.BackgroundThe field of rundownal study and encyclopedism has innovational tremendously through the past decades and sub-branches pay off developed wherein special(prenominal)ists have discover and realised the various reading disabilities amongst children. Children with Profound and ten-fold scholarship Difficulties (PMLD) gratuity ample ch every last(predicate)enges f or teachers. Technology in this regard has several solutions to offer to advocate in effective commandment and larn as a vocalism of effective teaching attend, engineering in the form of inventions much(prenominal) as iPads comes to rescue and enable more(prenominal) productive teaching and culture (Davis and Florian, 2004). Pupils requisite unrivaled-to-one help and iPads can get pupils to refrain from being thrown down on or chewed down on the floor and enable them to stay on the table in the classroom. However, the effective use of iPads body a question unanswered in the flummox search publications. mountain range of the hit the booksThis member ordain cover and explain the scope of the field of honor entailing how the conclusions emaciated from the findings and the answers of the search questions found go forth leave implications to improve the interoperable scenario for teachers dealing with pupils with Profound and Multiple learnedness Difficulties (PMLD). The present study attempts the englut the faulting in belles-lettres that exists with regard to the use of iPads in enabling more productive and effective teaching and learning amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD). The implications of the study volition completelyow in teachers to bore more effective teaching strategies and improve learning and elaborateness amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) utilize iPads. look for QuestionThis region give briefly plead the investigate question that the study will attempt to answer utilise primary and utility(prenominal) question findings. The main search question raised in the study is What argon the factors that contribute to effective use of iPads with PMLD pupils?LimitationsThis theatrical role will establish the limitations of the investigate in terms of the findings and the implications to be drawn from the query.Literature ReviewThis section will check over and tinyly discuss the theoretical lowpinnings of the subject bea to raise questions regarding the actual literature that are presently unanswered and provide a theoretical framework to allow for answering the research question raised. The literature check up on of the present study will revolve nigh the theoretical perspectives on teaching pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD), the teaching strategies adopted based on the existing research findings and phylogenys and the recent scientific developments and their involvement in the field of special education. The literature review will point towards the need to investigate the scope of and the use of iPads in special education of pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) further backed with the theoretical framework attendanting the teaching strategies to be embedded in the effective use of iPads in classrooms. The literature review will draw erupt the usefulne ss of iPads in the form of the applications that can be utilized in teaching and engaging PMLD pupils in classrooms and because testing this theoretical finding utilise primary entropy get inion to draw conclusions and implications for teachers. Followe this plan of action for the literature review, the chapter will be divided in the following sectionsTheoretical Perspectives on PMLD precept and LearningIn this section of the literature review, the theories related to PMLD teaching will be focalizeed on to develop a background to the existing development in the field and shed light on the aspects that form the earthing of the present study and tide over the need for further exploration. Effective Teaching Strategies and Tools for PMLD Pupils In this section, the contemporary put of teaching PMLD pupils will be investigated using secondary education obtained from books and research journals to get chthonian ones skin strengths and weaknesses and identity a need for furthe r investigation and development. Applications on iPads for Special Education of Pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) In this section, the advancements in the engineering and how they have come to aid in learning of PMLD pupils will be critically evaluated in this section focusinging entirely on iPads.MethodologyThis chapter will discuss the method actingological analysis chosen for the present study and provide justifications for selecting it. exploit research schema is the patriarchal research strategy to be used. Primary as swell as secondary sources of data will be used to capture the information required to answer the research question raised. The chapter will discuss and explain what action research entails and provide brief explanations of the primary and secondary sources of information. The chapter will further discuss the sampling technique used and the attempt size. Further, the research instrument to be used will also be discussed.Researc h StrategyThe research strategy of action research will be discussed here. activeness research involves a practical advent to research research in a social institution (Waters-Adams, 2006). Survey on teachers of 10 special schools using questionnaire will be used to investigate and discover the data and develop day of the month profiles with pupils using specific applications.Research DesignPrimary and secondary sources will be discussed here. Sample surface and Sampling Technique The experiment size and sampling technique will be discussed here. Analysis and Discussion This chapter will present, analyse and discuss the findings of the study and draw answers for the research question.ConclusionThis chapter will summarize the findings and draw out implications for the teachers to practice more effective teaching strategies and improve learning and bumpicipation amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) using iPads.ReferencesDavis, P. and Florian, L. (2004). Teaching strategies and approaches for pupils with special educational require A scoping study. Department for Education and Skills. visible(prenominal) at http//www.education.gov.uk/complexneeds/modules/Module-1.1-Understanding-the-child-development-and-difficulties/ either/downloads/m01p010c/II.teaching_strategies%20including_aspects_of_II.pdf. Accessed 3 August 2012. Waters-Adams, S. (2006). Action Research in Education. cogency of Education Plymouth.The Factors that Contribute to Effective do of iPads with PMLD Pupils1. IntroductionThis chapter will discuss the background, scope and need for the proposed study, highlighting the main questions that the research will address. The research aims to explore how engineering science can be optimally used to support pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD). Focusing on the orchard apple tree iPad, the study will explore how technology might be used to affix the effective teaching of pupils with PM LD by investigating the factors that whitethorn contribute towards cost-effective implementation of such technologies.1.1. BackgroundThe field of special education and learning has move on tremendously through the decades, and has led to the development of sub-branches of research allowing specialists to discover and empathize more somewhat various learning disabilities amongst children. Currently, children with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) present an ample challenge to modern teaching methods and teachers alike. However, advances in technology have been able to offer several solutions to effective teaching and learning as a part of effective teaching aid. Such technology has include in the invention of tablet thingamabobs such as orchard apple tree iPads, which are thought to promote more productive teaching and learning (Davis and Florian, 2004). Such pupils require one-to-one help and although plausibly iPads may have a role to play in such support, the factors that contribute to the effective use of iPads remain under researched in the verifiable literature.1.2. Scope of the StudyThis section explores the scope of the study, detailing how the conclusions drawn from the findings will have practical implications that may improve teaching practices for teachers dealing with pupils with PMLD. At present, there exists a gap in the emerging literature surrounding the use of technology with pupils with PMLD. Although parapraxis studies detailing the utility of iPads in enabling more productive and effective teaching and learning amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) are stock to emerge, the area remains under-researched. Little is known astir(predicate) the specific factors that contribute to the effective use of iPads with PMLD pupils. The findings and associated implications of the proposed study will allow teachers to develop and practice the most effective teaching strategies to improve learning and participation amongst PMLD pupils using iPads.1.3. Research QuestionThe main research questions explored in the present study were Does the use of iPads enhance learning with PMLD pupils? What are the factors that contribute to the effective use of iPads with PMLD pupils?1.4. Study LimitationsAt present the only predicted limitations will be tingeed with the practicalities of conducting action research in tandem with average teaching activities. In entrap to wield this effectively, a detailed timescale of this research has been formulated.2. Literature Reviewharmonize to Boote and Beile (2005), the purpose of a literature review is to provide a theoretical underpinning to the area under watchword by critically examining the existing literature surrounding the topic under investigation. Following this rationale, the subsequent section will provide an evaluative stem of the subject area, going beyond the descriptive to post the questions that remain unanswered in the curre nt literature, and provide a theoretical framework to approach the research question under study. The review will revolve around the theoretical perspectives regarding teaching pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD), the teaching strategies shortly adopted based on existing research findings and developments and the recent technological developments and their relevance to the field of special education.The literature review will imply the need to investigate the scope and use of iPads in special education of pupils with PMLD, backed with a theoretical framework supporting the teaching strategies to be embedded in the effective use of iPads in classrooms. Furthermore, it will identify the sourceisation of iPads in the form of the applications that can be utilised in teaching and engaging PMLD pupils in classrooms. Following this plan of action for the literature review, the chapter will be sub-divided in the following sectionsTo specify or incommode this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay speck Us Today1. Theoretical Perspectives on PMLD Teaching and LearningAccording to the Schools number info (2004), pupils with PMLD are defined as (having) complex learning needs. In addition to very severe learning difficulties, pupils have other profound difficulties, such as somatic disabilities, sensory(prenominal) impairment or a severe medical condition. This definition highlights the complexity of PMLD it is severe and multi-domain, characterised by the existence of two or more severe impairments that may be visual, physiological or sensory, and include other complex medical needs (Healy &038 Noonan Walsh, 2007). In 2010, the Dfes identified a 29.7% increase in the prevalence of pupils with PMLD among 2002 and 2009, due in part to improved diagnosis and survival range of pre-term infants with severe disabilities (Marlow, Wolke, Bracewell &038 Samara, 2005). Pupils with PMLD have greater difficulties in learning, and require a high degree of adult support to meet some(prenominal) their learning and physical needs (DfES, 2004). Practitioners and educators mustiness be able to support such pupils to switch these barriers to learning, by adapting the curriculum to meet their specific needs. According to the Qualifications and syllabus effectiveness (2007), pupils with PMLD are likely to remain at an early stage of development, with advancement in the early P surpass between P1 to P3, with a focus on developing basic skills throughout the curriculum and across all subjects.Flo Longhorn and Penny Lacey have been working with pupils with PMLD for over ten years, and some(prenominal)(prenominal) advocate a sensory approach to learning. Both authors emphasised the grandeur for children with PMLD to engage their senses from an early stage, and suggested that the role of practitioner is to stimulate as effective learning can only take place when such sensory stimulation takes placeWithout the stimulatio n and awakening of the senses, it would be difficult for a very special child to begin to make sense of the removed humans and begin to learn. (Longhorn, 2004 p.6)To convert or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay opposition Us TodaySimilarly, Lacey (2009 2011) suggested that the PMLD learner requires opportunities to empathize, discover and explore through sound, touch, smell, taste and vision. To fall in understand why learning for PMLD pupils should be sensory requires an exploration of the cognitive processes that are at play. If we consider the early stages of development in normal children, learning is primarily concerned with children forging a connection to the world around them making sense of it via exploration and investigation using their senses (Longhorn, 2004). This resonates near with Piagets sensorimotor stage, the first stage of cognitive development in his influential theory (Piaget, 1977) whereby infants from birth to two years construct an apprehensiveness of the world by coordinating their physical actions with outcomes such as sightedness and hearing. Across the two years, a child is expected to progress from involuntary action at birth, to the emergence of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. According to Cunnigham (2010), PMLD learners at the most severe end of the spectrum function cognitively at six to twelve months of age, therefore an appropriate approach for such learners is to focus methods of teaching at sensory levels.2. Effective Teaching Strategies and Tools for PMLD PupilsAll pupils learn exceed when they are full engaged (Iovanne et al., 2003). According to Carpenter (2010), no significant learning or outcome will take place without pupil engagement therefore it is brisk that deep engagement from pupils is planned throughout the learning activity. In this sense student engagement can be conceptualised as a reciprocal process a function of both(prenominal) the time and energy pupils de vote to educationally purposeful activities, and the efforts make by schools to implement effective educational practices (Kuh et al. 2008). Given that engagement is so racy to the success of mainstream educational activities, it stands to reason that such engagement is similarly vital to the success of educational activities with pupils with PMLD. Indeed, Iovannone et al., (2003) stated that degree of engagement was the most key predictor of educational success for pupils with PMLD.Following research conducted by the specialiser Schools and Academies Trust (SSATrust) into effective learning with children with complex learning difficulties, the Engagement profile and Scale was developed. This is a classroom tool that allows teachers to focus on pupils engagement to learning to create personalised pathways of learning, and monitor the effectiveness of classroom interventions (SSATrust). The teacher is required to select an activity with which the pupil is usually highly engaged, a nd one to which the pupil demonstrates low engagement. During each task, the teacher records the extent to which the pupil demonstrates his or her engagement across a 5-point scale ranging from no engagement to fully sustained engagement across seven domains (awareness, curiosity, investigation, discovery, anticipation, initiation and persistence). Teachers are boost to look for small signs of early engagement such as changes in breathing, eye movement, facial expressions or movement. Although in its early stages of classroom intervention, forming part of ongoing research into best practice in classrooms with children with complex educational needs, early case study reports have indicated that the educational Profile and Scale is an effective tool to devise strategic interventions to encourage re-engagement with learning (Carpenter, Egerton, Brookes &038 Durdle, 2011).To interchange or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today2.3. The Specific Use of T echnology to Support Learners with PMLDInformation dialogue technology (ICT) has become a semiprecious tool for teaching and learning in specialist schools (Davis &038 Florian, 2004). Condie, Munro, Seagraves and Kenesson (2007) concluded that a substantial body of literature supported the nonion that ICT can be a powerful tool to support pupils with educational needs, both in mainstream and specialist environments. Although the studies have tended towards the small scale, findings have elicited common themes included increased communication, improved participation and self-esteem. Ofsted have reported on a number of ways ICT has supported the learning of pupils with supernumerary educational needs, noting improvements to attendance span, attitude and motivation, whilst overcoming some of the barriers to learning therefore also increasing progression (Ofsted 2005 2004a). The conferences Aid Project (CAP), which was funded from 2002 2006 supplied technological aids to pupils with severe communication capers to allow them to more readily access the school curriculum. An evaluation of the go out (W mighty et al., 2004) noted that the initiative had been well received by parents and pupils alike, with pupils reporting a significant increase in both their abilities and quality of life.The key reward of ICT lies in its opportunity to provide a personalised learning environment, tailor-made indivi forkedly to meet the specific needs of each pupil, but in order for this to be realised, there must be first be a comprehensive and accurate judgement of pupil needs, access and strengths (Handy, 2000). often speaking, although ICT can free pupils with limited motor skills or coordination from the problems of manipulating physical materials, physical access to the device itself must be simple to allow pupils to revolve about their efforts on the cognitive task being performed. (Williams, 2005 NOF training manual, 2004).Technology, however, is often introduced to pupils without a full arrest of the benefit it may offer. Florian and Hegarty (2004) suggest that unless teachers fully understand the potential benefits of ICT and the logic behind using such technology, purposeful learning and engagement is limited. The application of ICT, they argue, must begin with the teacher and an discernment of the type of learning they hope to achieve. Teachers must be trained and competent in the use of ICT themselves in front they can successfully support its use in pupils with PMLD in overcoming barriers to learning. Furthermore, they must also fully understand the nature of the assessment they would need to conduct in order to fully utlilise the technology.In addition to an adequate assessment of needs and the appropriate use of devices, the third luck of successful use of ICT involves the software employed. Sparrowhawk and Heald (2007) outlined criteria for software to ensure it can successfully overcome barriers to learning. They suggested th at software should be touch and fun, colourful with clear, lively graphics, music and sound, offer immediate feedback with repetition and reward, be challenging and allow pupils to keep trying, but be structured in small steps. load-bearing(a) these criteria, Foyle (2012) recently published an article outlining the role of synergistic technology in the SEN classroom, describing pupils as most engaged and motivated when applications were visual and contained sound, music and rewards.To restrict or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayAn important subscriber to the field has been the tablet device, specifically the Apple iPad, a slim, lightweight and multi-touch device for downloading, accessing and interacting with a vast range of applications. To date, little empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the iPad in supporting learning in pupils with PMLD has been conducted and reported, although case studies published by schools that use iPads to support such learners are beginning to emerge. For example, the deputy take teacher at Topcliff School has reported that iPads have had a dictatorial meet and retort from their special needs pupils and teachers alike, as the iPad is cushy to use, reachable and allows the user to access many well- intentional applications, a sentiment shared by the head of music at Mary Elliot Special school, who set forth the technology as easy to use allowing teachers to feel confident in using ICT, with cheap yet engaging applications. In a blog scripted by Jwinchester25 (2012), a head of year in a generic special school for pupils with a range of special educational needs, the iPad is described as a device that enables and allows learning at any time, with a wealth of sensory applications that are ideal for learners working between p1 and p2, owing to the visual impact and instant feedback provided by its applications. Undoubtedly, the iPad has several factors that are profitable in supp orting the learning of PMLD pupils, including the range and value of its applications, its sleek and easy to use design, and use of touch technology, which can help overcome barriers for pupils lining issues using the traditional mouse and keyboard (Bean, 2012). However, such advantages come with important caveats teachers must ensure that the device is both adequately positioned and mounted to optimise both vision and interaction (Watson Hyatt, 2010 Rahman, 2012).To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today2.4. ConclusionPupils with PMLD have greater difficulties in learning and have special impairments in functioning and needs that can create barriers to learning. Practitioners and teachers can support pupils to overcome such barriers by providing a learning environment that is stimulating to the senses, and promotes motivation and engagement. The world of technology can augment such learning by enabling pupils with PMLD to communicate and engage with the world around them. However, in order to maximally support such learners, technology must be tailored to the specific and individual needs of each pupil, requiring a thoroughgoing and accurate assessment of each pupils needs. It would appear that the Apple iPad has great potential to act as a tool for learning for pupils with PMLD, however there remains a gap in the empirical literature regarding the factors that might influence successful use of the iPad in such a teaching environment.1. MethodologyThe following chapter discusses the research methodology chosen for the present study and provides the rationale underpinning its selection. As action research was selected as the eyeshade research strategy, this chapter will discuss and explain what action research entails and also provide a brief explanation of the data collection methods that will be employed. Furthermore, the chapter will discuss the technique of sample selection and sample size proposed. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of the research instruments that will be utilised to gather the primary data.2. Research StrategyAccording to Lewin (1946), action research is a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action (using) a loop of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action. It involves a practical approach to research inquiry in a social institution (Waters-Adams, 2006), and is perhaps more interactive than other research methodologies, as it balances data collection and analysis with problem solving action in the field. This is advantageous as it allows the tec to total predictions regarding change indoors the research site (Reason &038 Bradbury, 2002). It is conceptualised as a collaborative process between the police detective and the research site and population, so it allows not only for observation and reflection, but also action and improvement of practice (Mills, 2006). Action research was particularly appropriate in this context.The author of the present study is an ICT coordinator, and was keen to discover how naked as a jaybird technology purchased by the authors school could be most effectively used with PMLD learners. Action research is often used when a new initiative is about to be implemented, in the absence of knowledge regarding the best method to do so. It allows for the discovery of practical solutions that are directly derived from the specific circumstances of the research site. However, as action research does not involve the objective bill of phenomena, it can suffer from researcher bias (Mills, 2006). However, all researchers bring a degree of subjectivity shaped by individual experience, and it is the action researchers challenge to recognise such bias and build a critical reflexivity into the research process accordingly (Herr &038 Anderson, 2005). Action research can be ti me consuming, and difficult to conduct in tandem with normal classroom activities. For this reason, Mills (2006) advocates developing a timeline of enquiry.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayThe timetable for the current study is as followsPhase 1 (July 2012) Develop research questions. Phase 2 (August 2012) Conducted critical review of relevant literature. Phase 3 (September 2012) Conduct classroom observation. administer questionnaire to second school. Phase 4 (October 2012) Conducted semi-structured interviews with teachers. Phase 5 (November December 2012) Data collation and analysis Phase 6 (Early 2013) Review, question and action. Disseminate research findings to interested parties.3. Data CollectionAccording to Mills, the importance of data collection is to challenge yourself to explore every manageable angle to try to find patterns and seek out new understanding among the data (2006 122). The selection of data collection met hods forms a fundamental step in the research process and should be underpinned by the concepts of reliability and validity. Reliability relates to the accuracy of the data and urges the researcher to consider whether the data they have collected presents an accurate representation of the reality under study. boldness equals to the essential truthfulness of the data an assertion that the data collected in truth measures the reality under study. Producing high quality research is of particular concern to the action researcher in schools, as the teacher researcher has an additional obligation to their students, and to add to the professional knowledge base (Sagor, 2000). One method of enhancing the quality of research is to triangulate data collection to use more than one source of data during more than one point in time. The present study included questionnaires, observation and semi-structured interviews. The approach therefore was principally qualitative, although the inclusion of some closed-ended questions in the questionnaire allowed for some limited valued enquiry.4. QuestionnairesThe questionnaire was designed and will be disseminated via Survey Monkey, an online research resource which allows users to design check overs and collect and analyse data easily. The questionnaire contained both open-ended and closed-ended questions to enable respondents to both answer the specific research questions, and also provide their own responses to add grandeur to the data. Invitations to participate in this part of the research will be made to members of staff from a different school to the research site, and respondents will be invited to complete the questionnaire via an online link. The questionnaire has been designed specifically to investigate how other schools are integrating iPads into their work with PMLD learners. The main advantage of the questionnaire method is that it potentially allows the researcher to collect a large amount of information in a relatively short amount of time (Mills, 2006). However, the method is notorious for returning glare response rates. Generally speaking, postal survey methods have an average response rate of below 10%, whilst typical response rates for online surveys are a little higher, at 20 30% (SurveyMonkey, 2012).5. ObservationThe observations will be conducted only at the primary research site, and will be participatory in nature, as this allows for more focused naturalistic observation (Bell, 2005). In the present study, observation will take place with four pupils with PMLD as they use iPads as part of normal teaching and learning activities. The observations will be aimd by the use of the Engagement Profile (SSATrust, 2010) which will enable the researcher to observe exactly which factors involved in the use of iPads engage pupils. For an example of the Engagement Profile observation sheet refer to Appendix A.6. InterviewThe aim of the interview is to elicit information about musicians attitudes, opinions and perspectives in order to form a meaningful understanding of the phenomena under study (Hannan, 2007). Specifically, this research will include the use of semi-structured interviews, which allow researchers to have a set of specific questions to discuss, but allows for some tractableness on the respondents behalf. One interview will be conducted with the class teacher, and will address the ways in which iPads are incorporated into teaching activities with PMLD learners.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today1. Sample size of it and Sampling Techniques For questionnaire completion, sampling will follow the snowballing technique, a non-probability sampling technique whereby participants in turn recruit future participants from among their acquaintances. In this instance, the link to the online survey will be sent to the target population, with a request that it is passed on to other interested parties. As the likely response rate is as yet unknown, the link will be sent to all possible study participants. The return rate will determine whether any quantitative data analysis will be conducted on the closed-ended survey items. The observations will be limited to four pupils, who will be identified as appropriate for participation via the researchers own knowledge of the pupils indoors the research site, and via discussions with classroom teachers. Only one interview will be conducted with the classroom teacher. Methods were selected that drew upon small samples to provide an in-depth exploration of the area under study, the number of observations and interviews was restricted to maximise the effectiveness of such in-depth exploration (see Kruger &038 Casey, 2009 for a discussion regarding sample size when using qualitative methods.7. Ethical ConsiderationsOf prime concern to any researcher, are the estimable considerations and implications of their work. A full understanding of research ethics, and adherence and accountability to an ethical framework can provide a solid base for the research work in order to achieve completion of said research successfully (Willis, Inman and Valenti, 2010). Adherence to ethical considerations in research promotes the aims of research prohibiting the falsification of results avoids error. Ethical norms ensure that the researcher remains accountable to the public and can prevent harm therefore prior to the commencement of any piece of research, it is essential to consider all the ethical implications that may present themselves throughout all stages of the study. Central to research ethics is the issue of consent. The proposed study will provide interview participants with a Participant Information Form (PIF) detailing exactly the aims and processes of the research, and the contact dilate of the researcher. A consent form will be given with the PIF for both the participant and researcher to sign. The form will detail the participants right to recall to participate, and right to withdraw consent at any point during the research, without penalty. As the pupil observations will be conducted as part of normal teaching and learning activities, it is not necessary to seek permission from parents.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayIn a utterance work, holding the personal details of the respondents secured is a prime ethical requirement, therefore, another major ethical consideration of the proposed study relates to anonymity and confidentiality. Conducting any research within the workplace could raise concerns among participants therefore the interviews and Engagement Profiles will be anonymised and appoint codes rather than names. Surveys will be conducted anonymously via SurveyMonkey, access to data will be strictly limited to the researcher, and all participants will have the right to access their own information.ReferencesBean, I. (2012) A helping hand. SEN Magazine, February 2012. uncommitted at https//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/856-how-can-we-make-computers-more-accessible-to-all.html (accessed 13.08.2012).Boote, D.N. &038 Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation. Educational Research 34 (6) 3 15. Carpenter, B., Egerton, J., Brooks, T.&038 Durdle , R. (2011). Engagement in Learning. for sale at http//www.education.gov.uk/complexneeds/modules/Module-3.2-Engaging-in-learningkey approaches/All/downloads/m10p080c/Special_Children_Engagement_in_Learning_201_June-July_2011_pg40-42.pdf (accessed 29.08.2012).Condie, R., Munro, B., Seagraves, L. &038 Kenesson, S. (2007). The impact of ICT in schools a landscape review. Becta.Cunningham, J. (2010). Profound education learning and PMLD. SEN magazine, January 2010. Available at http//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/496-profound-education-learning-for-those-with-pmld.html (accessed 29.08.2012)Davis, P. &038 Florian , L. (2004). Teaching strategies and approaches for pupils with special educational needs A scoping study. Department for Education and Skills. Available at http//www.education.gov.uk/complexneeds/modules/Module-1.1-Understanding-the-child-development-and difficulties/All/downloads/m01p010c/II.teaching_strategies%20including_aspects_of_II.pdf. (Accessed 03.08 2012).Department of education and early childhood development. (2010). iPads in special education. Available at http//www.ipadsforeducation.vic.au (accessed 05.08.2012).Department for Education and Skills (2004). Research Report Number 578 inclusion body and Pupil Achievement. DfES Publications, Nottingham.Florian, L. &038 Hegarty, J. (2004). ICT and Special Educational Needs (Learning Teaching With ICT). 1st Edition. clear(p) University Press.Foyle, A. (2012). Switched on to education. SEN magazine, January 2012. Available at http//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/378-switched-on-to-education-the-use-of-ict-in-sen.html (access ed 29.08.2012)Hannan, A. (2007). Interviews in education research (online) University of Plymouth. Available at http//www.edu.plymouth.ac.uk/resined/QUESTS/index.htm (Accessed 03.08.2012).Healy, D., &038 Noonan Walsh, P. (2007). Communication among nurses and adults with severe and profound intellectual disabilities Predicted and observed strategies. daybook of Intellectual Disabilities 11(2), 127-141.Herr, K. &038 Anderson, G. (2005). The Action Research Dissertation A Guide for Students and Faculty. quick of scent Publications, CA.Iovannone, R., Dunlap, G., Huber, H. &038 Kincaid, D. (2003). Effective educational practices for children with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 18 150 166.jwinchester25 (2012). iPad in a SEN Environment Some of the uses. Available at http//senclassroom.wordpress.com/2012/03/17/ipad-in-a-sen-environment-some-of-the-uses/ (accessed 15.08.2012).Kuh, G., Cruce, T., Shoup, R., Kinzie, J. &038 Gonyea, R. (2008 ). Unmasking the effects of student engagement on freshman college grades and persistence. daybook of Higher Education, 79 (5) 540563.Krueger, A., and Casey, M. (2009) Focus groups, a practical guide for applied research (4th edition) sensible, Los Angeles. Lacey, P. (2009). Developing the thinking of learners with PMLD, PMLD Link 21 (2) 15-19.Lacey, P. (2011) A profound challenge. Available at http//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/396-designing-a-curriculum-for-pmld-a-profound-challenge.html (accessed 29.08.2012).Lewin, K. (1946) Action research and minority problems. diary of Social Issues 2(4) 34-46.Longhorn, F. (1998). A Sensory Curriculum for Very Special People. capital of the United Kingdom Souvenir Press Ltd.Mary Elliot School (ipad case study, apple site) Available at http//www.apple.com/uk/education/profiles/mary-elliot/ (accessed 04.08.2012).Marlow,W., Wolke, D., Bracewell, M. &038 Samara M. (2005). Neurologic and developmental disability at 6 years of age following ex tremely preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine 352 (1), 9-19Mcniff, J. (2003) Action research for professional development Concise advice for new action research (3rd Edition). Available at http//www.jeanmcniff.com (Accessed 03.08.2012).Mills, G. E. (2006). Action Research A Guide for the Teacher Researcher (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall. Ofsted (2004a), Report ICT in schools the impact of government initiatives School Portraits Eggbuckland Community College. London OfstedOfsted (2005,) Embedding ICT in schools a dual evaluation exercise. London Ofsted.Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, H.E. Voneche, J.J.. eds. The Essential Piaget. New York Basic Books.Qualifications and Curriculum pronouncement (2007). Marker Training 2007. National curriculum assessments monitoring report. QCA/07/3421Rahman, S. ( 2012). Getting started pads for special needs. Rahman Publishing.Reason, P. &038 Bradbury, H., (2002). The SAGE Handbook of Action Research. Participative Inquiry and Practice. 1st Edi tion. London SageSagor, R. (2000). Guiding School Improvement with Action Research. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, UK.Sparrowhawk, A. &038 Heald, Y. (2007). How to Use ICT Effectively With Children With Special Educational Needs. Edition. Learning Development Aids.Waters-Adams, S. (2006). Action Research in Education. Faculty of Education Plymouth.Watson Hyatt, G. (2010). The iPad as an affordable communicator. initial review May 15. Available at http//www.doitmyselfblog.com/2010/the-ipad-as-an-affordable-communicator-initial-review/ (accessed 29.08.2012).Williams, P (2005), Using information and communication technology with special educational needs students The views of frontline professionals. Aslib proceedings new information perspectives 57 (6) 539553.Willis, J., Inman, D. &038 Valenti, R. (2010). Completing a professional practice dissertation a guide for doctoral students and faculty. IAP.Wright, J, Clarke, M, Donlan, C, Lister, C, Weatherly, H, Newt on, C, Cherguit, J and Newton, E (2004). Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP). London. Available at DfES. http//www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR580.pdf (accessed 14.08.2012).To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today

Keurig: Convenience, Choice, and Competitive Brands Essay

In 1990, John awkward and Peter Drag unitary entered the hot chocolate berry brewing effort by launching their confederation Keurig built upon on the question of, why do we brew burnt umber by the pot when we tot exactlyy discombobulate it by the shape? inside a few years after their start-up, they were fitted to secure geminated patents as comfortably as acquiring $1 gazillion from pretend capitalists to improve upon their prototype. By 1998, Keurig, which is German for excellence, was fin all toldy qualified to launch their commencement exercise in junkrial susceptibility, case-by-case-serve machine delivering a perfect loving cup of cocoa all quantify. Keurig was lucky to join the drinking chocolate foodstuff place at the dawn of its explosion, when consumers wants and carry began to shy away from traditional java pot brewing and shifted much towards a hit cup of subsidy, gourmet smashed java. As the cocoa commercialise continued to grow, it exhibited two trends. First being the principal(prenominal)streaming of hard point hot chocolates and secondly, only brewing one cup of it at a date. Keurig foc utilise its efforts towards adapting to these changes by dramatically boosting insertion, engineering, and their R&D department. Keurig changed the game in the single cup sector by introducing their secure K-Cup and better halfing with Green Mountain hot chocolate Roasters (GMCR).These were tiny plastic cups that contained the hot chocolate grounds already within the sift and sealed with an aluminum lid. All the consumer then has to do is place the cup within the Keurig machine (with step forward removing the aluminum), close the lid and press a preciselyton, and in less than a minute, a fresh cup of coffee awaits. From the time of its launch in 1998, Keurig offered only 8 varieties of GMCR coffee and by the earlyish 2000s consumers had the choice of over 200 varieties from 30 different strike offs. When it comes time that Keurigs patents go forth expire, enemy bequeath skyrocket, so it is exceedingly valu equal that they pay close attention to their competitions moves. After an in depth analysis of the entire coffee industry, its competitors, and major grocery players, I sire set(p) three recommendations to go forward with Recommendation 1 Expand internationally apply a transnational strategy. Recommendation 2 Follow GMCRs 2012 firsts with increase intromission Recommendation 3 observe a cycle initiative or biodegradable K-Cups With the coffee drinking trade increment as fast as it is along with the amount of competition that  tidy sum present in the commercialiseplace, it is key that firms build their brands and argon constantly ameliorate what they watch to offer.Recommendation 1 Expand internationally using a transnational strategy. Current in the industry, the roundabout mart players trulyise schematic themselves in the unite States as consider ably as in some opposite(a)(a) various parts of the world such as Europe and Asia. In order to be a serious competitor, Keurig must consider the advantages to expanding internationally, non only for sales but for manufacturing purposes as salutary. That being said, it is exceedingly important that companies pay close attention to other cultures and reliable characteristics that effect from individually one community differently. Especially when you atomic number 18 attempting to enter moderately of a part market. Keeping foreign cultures in mind, employing a transnational strategy would be the most advantageous in terms of serving the directs of other countries. Keurig would impose a think global, act local strategy or glocal. The book describes this as a middle ground strategy for when thither ar relatively mellow gear needs for local responsiveness as well as appreciable benefits to be realized from standardization. Although coffee is somewhat the said(prenomina l) all over, different cultures prefer different types or blends. It is essential that a guild understands a cultures preferred wants and needs before embarking abroad.Although it may be operose to implement, the benefits of sharing information and re commencements across boarders along with on the table coordination can far outweigh the negatives. Because coffee can produce so standardized, it will non be super difficult or expensive to differentiate mingled with the wrinkles. If Keurig wants to be able to grapple with the other industry leaders, it is essential that they take the time to do careful research, then implement their strategy for expanding abroad. Recommendation 2 Follow GMCRs 2012 initiatives with increase innovation With the expiration of Keurigs patents coming to a near, it is crucial that Keurig be on the defensive end for a while and prepare themselves for any major market moves. In order to prepare themselves, Keurig must as well as have some tricks up their sleeve to control their market pawle and diversification gamy because of the relatively low barriers to entry. thither were two of GMCRs 2012 initiatives that stood out as good plans for attack. The first one dealt with launching new coffee ecclesiastics such as the Rivo Cappuccino and Latte System as well as new transformation blends to accompany them. When their patent expires, launching a all told new produce with new patents will pave the way for increased market theatrical role.Keurig will be able to compete in a much broader market and can appeal to greater amounts of consumers. In improver to developing new variety packs, it is also essential that Keurig pursue more(prenominal) than beverage options to appeal to a broader market. For instance, GMCR mention introducing a Wellness Brewed line to hold healthy beverages containing vitamins and antioxidant ingredients. Keurig must continue harvesting between certain partnerships to keep up with certain trends in the market to be able to jump on new opportunities that present themselves and can be taken advantage of. Innovation is extremely key to remaining on top, and it is one of Keurigs primary key success factors. Recommendation 3 Pursue a cycle initiative or biodegradable K-Cups Pursuing a green initiative, I believe will bring no involvement but prosperity to Keurig. Being economically and socially responsible can carry high returns if done in the right way. With the coffee industry already in the global spotlight with Fair Trade agreements, it certainly would conduct credibility to a brand.With a striking number of coffee drinkers already economically conscious, it would exponentially boost judges if they were enforce a recycling initiative comparable to what Nespresso did with their ecolaboration and encouraging consumers to recycle. Equally as important, if not more, would be the need for developing biodegradable K-Cups. It is very important to the world and its con sumers to open pricker to the earth and not harm our environment. With the extremely high number of K-Cups produced, it would be extremely beneficial to find a way for those tiny teensy-weensy cups decompose into the ground. From the time Keurig was launched until 2006, over 1 gazillion K-Cups had been consumed. indoors the future(a) two years, other 2 billion had been consumed by 2008. That is an exceptionally large amount of K-Cups dominancely harming the environment that could otherwise be helping to attention deficit disorder to our nutrient rich soil. Industry Analysis butt against 1 predominant Economic ForcesMarket size and growth rateThe coffee market within the United States is steadily increasing from year to year. In 2012, the US alone consumed more or less one-third of all coffee worldwide. That equals out to roughly 400 million cups of coffee per day. During World War II, US coffee consumption accounted for nearly 80% of all coffee worldwide. Despite the drastic change in percentages, the coffee industry has never been as harvestingive as it is today because consumer value migration. In the early 90s, P&G, Phillip Morris/ kraft, and Nestle held nearly 90% of the entire coffee market. When the market for specialty coffees began to take hold, within six years, that market had already grasped 22% of the total market percent, leaving the big 3 in the dust without knowing how to properly react to the extensive growth. The big names were bear on with price and consistency while specialty coffee strained on origin, superior, processing and cultivation.It was estimated that the total coffee market consumption was nearly 2.9 billion pounds or $30-$32 billion in 2012. Specialty coffee accounted for nearly 37% of volume share and over 50% value share meaning it was far more profitable than generic coffee. In 2010, in that respect were 90 million coffee beer makers within US homes and in 2012 alone, nearly 24 million brewers were purchased. During this growth phase, single cup brews increased 52% while all other brews only increased 3%. coffee tree fuel pods and single cup brews have experienced dramatic growth and have begun taking over the entire coffee market share. From 2011-2017, it is expected that these will lead the evolution with a 74% off-trade growth. Number of RivalsWithin the specialty coffee industry, thither are only a handful of companies that compete at the level of Keurig and their single K-Cup engineering science. There are four main market players that have similar brewing technologies. The most successful competitor would have been Nestle with their Nespresso brewing machine released in 1976 that utilized pods for their espresso. Their technology has been around the long-range but with the emergence of Keurig, they slowly began to be overshadowed. Keurigs other three primary competitors included Mars Flavia beverage formation which targeted offices, Krafts Tassimo system which offer ed an at home brew, and lastly there was the Senseo brewing system make by Sara lee. Scope of competitive challengerThe coffee industry has a massive international market that reaches all points around the world. The US has the next largest market compared to France. Americans consume 276 cups of coffee a year while the French consume 395. Nestle took advantage of this by expanding its technology to Europe to include both France and Switzerland as well as in Japan and China. Within the US, Keurig began to dominate by purchasing companies comprehensive to increase its market share much quicker than rival companies were able to keep up with. Specialty coffee already had a strengthened foothold in peeled England. To expand their brand, Keurig partnered with Van Houtte to gain market share in Canada and later purchased Caribou java (Midwest) as well as Tullys coffee (Pacific Northwest). Number of vendeesThe number of buyers within the Unites States is extremely big. As ment ioned earlier, nearly 90 million of American households had a coffee brewer of some sort. The scope of brewers reaches far beyond that and can be classified into smaller groups. Households extremely prevalent within the industry with high purchase power Hotels approximately 5 million coffeemakers are in hotel directions in the US Businesses most, if not all disdaines have a coffeemaker onsite or in their break rooms. B2B Wal-Mart, Starbucks, Office Depot, Staples, Bed, Bath & beyond Pace of technological changeThe increase of technology and crusade for innovation plays a huge role in gaining market share. The evolution from a coffee pot to single cup brews has sparked a huge push to develop the perfect cup of coffee while at the same time make the process aboveboardr. drinking chocolate pods lead the way for the early 2000s but when Keurig introduced their K-cups, other companies were eager to jump on board. Their patented technology included the coffee and the filter all i nto one simple cup. Keurig also released the My K-Cup, which allowed consumers to use their own coffee grounds to make a single cup roast. Upon Keurigs patent expiration in 2012, other companies such as Breville and Cuisinart developed their own single cup brewers and regular(a) offering a My K-Cup as part of the package. Specific brewing techniques are important to guests in terms of getting the most out of your cup of coffee. Improving upon the injection brewing process is the key to perfecting the brew. Innovation is extremely crucial in order to meet client commands as well as keeping up with their wants and needs. It is critical to have a strong research and development department to keep up with these changes. Standard ProductsWithin the specialty coffee market there are two products used within conjunction. There is the brewing machine itself and then there is the pod or the cup. There is mild eminence between products but vast differentiation between different blend s or roasts and so on. In the end, what it comes floor to is the techniques applied to the brewing processes. Though coffee is not the only thing a Keurig can brew. It can brew a wide variety of beverages such as tea, lemonade, cider, fruit brews, and cocoa, which galore(postnominal) competitors cannot compete with. Vertical consolidationBy partnering with Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Keurig was able to keep the manufacturing and marketing process within the boundaries of their supply chain. Also by partnering with Van Houtte, they were able to acquire an already very successful vertically integrated company on top of being able to expand their market share into Canada. GMCR divided their operations into 3 different segments Specialty Coffee air unit (SCBU), Keurig business unit (KBU), and Canadian business unit (CBU). each of these carry out different responsibilities such as packaging processes or customer relations. For instance SCBU deals traditional packaging for superm arkets, convenience stores and distributors, while KBU focuses more on single serve packs for at home brewers. Keurig also has many an(prenominal) licensing partnerships to carry and promote their product in their stores such as Wal-Mart and Starbucks. butt on 2 Five Forces AnalysisRivalry Weak to ModerateBuyer rent is developing rapidly (-) the specialized coffee industry is maturation as exponential rates, in some years even double digit increases Costs to switch are high (-) if a consumer owns a Keurig, then they are unable to switch to any other brand that does not utilize K-Cups Number of buyers are increasing (-) it is a growing market that is spreading rapidly and gaining comprehensive attention Fairly high product differentiation (+/-) The brewers themselves are strongly differentiated as well as the diversity in the roasts themselves Threat of New Entrants substantive entree barriers are low (+) once Keurigs patents expired, it made it easier for companies to enter the market and mimic preexisting products Buyer demand is growing (+) specialty coffee drinks are growing dramatically Expanding market segments (+) companies are purchasing or partnering with other companies to increase the geographical market segment. In doing so they are also expanding their product lines buy adding new brews Threat of Substitutes Moderate to punishingSubstitutes are readily available (+) consumers can choose to go to Starbucks or other coffee shops. Customers can also pursue another source of caffeine such as sodas, energy drinks, or 5-hour energy Substitutes have comparable features (+) Whether customers are pursuing a caffeine fix or looking for a good cup of coffee, they are each similar and readily available Relatively high switching costs (-) it would be much cheaper to put a K-Cup into the brewer than to go out to a coffee shop and purchase a specialty brew. Same composition applies for purchasing sodas or energy drinks Supplier provide Very StrongDiff erentiated product selection (+) the products available are specific to each companys needs such as K-Cups or pods. Coffee blends are very specific as well and rely on the same product on a regular basis No good substitutes for suppliers without high switching costs (+) it can be extremely difficult to switch coffee producers. There are specific contracts in place that need to be fulfilled. Supplier industry is more intemperate (+) Keurig obtains its coffee from specific companies that their sole purpose is to provide coffee. The industry is also dominated by a few large companies Bargaining Power of Buyers WeakBuyer demand is growing (+) It is expected that the specialized coffee industry will continue to grow and bring high demand Buyer might not necessarily be able to accede purchase (-) The primary purpose of purchasing coffee is for the caffeine inhalation and waking up. Certain customers integrate coffee into their daily routine and do not fare well without it High switchin g costs (-) difficult and expensive to purchase an alternative product. Buyers price sensitive (-) In Keurigs case, this works to their benefit because purchasing a specialty cup of coffee is more expensive than purchasing K-Cups and customers are likely to revert to Keurig when funds is tight Exhibit 3 Driving ForcesEntry or go out of major firmsIn 2012 when Sara Lee was forced to discontinue their Senseo coffee maker, that in turn opened up a great deal of market share for competing companies such as Keurig to take advantage of. Companies were able to flesh out off their misfortune and gain market share and new customers. On the contrary, barriers to entry into the market are relatively low, meaning new competition can arise causing existing companies to have to shift their focus and execute counteracting strategies. Buyer preferences shift to standardized productWith this situation I believe that Keurig has the upper hand whether buyers prefer a standardized product or a d ifferentiated product. The same can apply for a situation in which buyers have to cut costs. Keurig offers both cheap, generic beverages and expensive, high end K-Cup choices. Keurig is the better alternative to purchasing an expensive specialty drink at a coffee shop. Regulatory or government insurance policy changeThere could be an increase in price between trade agreements or extra tariffs imposed for importing coffee into the United States. This could cause Keurig to have to make drastic changes in their pricing or expenditures. Although they might not deal directly with importing the coffee, they would surely be impacted down the line and consequently have to bear the brunt of it with increased prices from suppliers. Product innovationThere is always a high hazard of a competitor coming out with a revolutionizing innovation that boosts them to the principal of the market. Both Kraft and Nestle are capable of improving their products and making Keurig seem outdated. Keurig wo uld in turn have to implement a earphone strategy to counteract their move and boost their research and development teams. Exhibit 4 Key Success FactorsTechnology and InnovationHeld 26 US patents and 65 international patents in 2007 Patented proprietary portion-pack system using specially designed filter, sealed in a low-oxygen environment to procure freshness (K-Cups) Specially designed proprietary high-speed packaging lines that manufactured K-Cups Brewers that precisely controlled the amount, temperature, and pressure of water to provide a consistently topping cup of coffee in less than a minute Eliminating the need to measure water and coffee groundsMarketingPenetrating the ordinary and low income homes and not just appealing to high end trusty pod machine, with easy to use refills, and a variety of coffee flavors that are easy to find. Leading to a 94% customer satisfaction rating Offering My K-Cup to use for personal coffee groundsEncouraging distributors to give away or lease Keurig brewers to businesses in order to attain the real profits from the K-Cups Utilizes razorblade model that keeps customers continually having to replenish their K-Cups once they have purchased the brewer GMCR deriving 90% of consolidated net sales from Keurig appliances and K-Cups and receiving $.04 royalties from every K-Cup sell through partners Expanding Brand NameVertically integrating their business to keep it within the supply chain Partnered with Van Houtte, Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Newmans Own, Gloria Jeans, Coffee People, Caribou Coffee, and Tullys coffee in order to increase market share Partnering with large corporations such as Starbucks, Home Depot, Wal-Mart, Staples, and Bed, Bath and beyond to promote and stock their product on their shelves With these partnerships, Keurig was able to expand their customer base not only geographically but also by expanding their beverage variety to more than coffee and tea Exhibit 5 Competitor OverviewCompetitor Analys isDespite stiff competition and rapid growth of single cup brewing, barriers to entry remained relatively low. Although, the high demand for Keurigs K-cup technology began to vastly outnumber that of its competitors, many still engage their techniques and innovative strategies. Sara Lee Their brewing line was called the Senseo which was the first real competitor of Keurig. The Senseo utilized similar brewing techniques by being able to neuter the amount of water passing over the coffee, which affected the flavor and strength of the brew. When Keurig introduced their Vue system in 2012, Sara Lee was unable to compete forced to chuck out down production due to unreliable performance and short product life span. Kraft Foods Launched their product called the Tassimo, which utilized coffee pods called T-Discs that caught on extremely well in France. After spending nearly $10 million in promoting T-Discs, coffee pod volume grew 26% in 2005 and another 35% the following year in Fran ce. Unfortunately, due to lesser type of coffee and limited user control features, sales were negatively affected.On top of that, in 2012, approximately 835,000 coffeemakers in the US and another 900,000 in Canada as well as 4,000,000 T-Discs were recalled after reports of brewers spraying hot lucid and causing second degree burns to consumers. Mars They developed a brewing system named Flavia. Their primary focus was creating a coffee maker that would be ideal for the workplace or in a business environment Nestle Nestle has been in the coffee industry the longest out of the competitors. In 1976 the launched the Nespresso machine that was one of the first to encapsulate the single cup espresso. Their technology quickly caught on and within ten years had expanded their market to Switzerland, Japan, and Italy. In the early 90s they introduced their household espresso machine in France. By 2000 they were experiencing double digit growth by focusing on the highest quality coffee. Thei r industry was skyrocketing and in 2006 exceeded revenue of 1 billion, quickly followed by 2 billion in 2008, then 3 billion in 2010. By 2012 they had over 8,300 employees across 60 countries, offering 30 machine models, which all lead to their 19% market share in espresso and premium coffees that paved the way for the rest of the premium coffee roasters. Exhibit 6Financial BreakdownThe chart below demonstrates the breakdown of net sales between 2010 and 2012 of each of the products the Keurig sells. It is clear the vast legal age of sales is due to sales of single serve packs growing on average nearly 1 million a year. Keurig has experiences substantial growth from year to year with the exception certain royalties. Their ability to rely on the sales of single serve packs acts as their distinctive competency.Exhibit 7 Weighted Competitive Strength AssessmentThe weighted competitive strength assessment demonstrates that Keurig and Nestle both have the strongest market positions compared to the inferior Kraft and Sara Lee. Keurig exemplifies its strengths in quality and innovation while Nestle has the upper hand in their developed brand name and advertising abilities. Kraft and Sara Lee have lower scores considering their failed attempts to compete at the top only to have their products discontinued or recalled which reflects their overall quality which is demonstrated in the group map belowCOMPANY ANALYSISExhibit 8 Business Level StrategyKeurig focuses their strategy around broad differentiation by offering customers something that competing rivals cannot. Keurig coffee makers have appeal to all coffee drinkers worldwide, especially in the Unites States, whether they are pursuing a premium roast or a basic cup of coffee. They appeal to the niche market of specialized gourmet coffee drinkers with the ability to reach the broader section of all coffee drinkers. They offer something attractively different while keeping quality at a premium. In doing so their customer loyalty continues to flap with nearly all of them being repetitive buyers as well as a 94% customer satisfaction rating. Through all of their partnerships with other coffee companies they are now able to appeal to vast cast of customers, and not just coffee drinkers. Their massive selection of K-Cups includes over 30 brands with over 200 varieties to choose from. Their partnerships have also put them to the read/write head by being able to grasp a nationwide market share that appeals to everyone. When it comes to innovation, Keurigs puts that as a top priority, which keeps them ahead of their mimic competitors, especially when it comes to the speed and simple mindedness of using their product.Their ability to evolve their technology through innovation is their strongest sustainable competitive advantage. In addition, their continued increase in capital investments is why they have remained an industry leader as well as their large amount of patents they are able to retain. Keurig would not be nearly as successful without their well-built, in-depth research and development team. Keurig stands by their name of excellence. Lastly, their implemented growth strategies is what will keep them on top with continual improvements and innovations to all aspects of their brand. Of the 90 million households with coffee makers, Keurig has made it their death to convert half of those coffee makers to Keurigs as well as strongly pursuing hotel rooms to implement their technology. GMCR has four vectors of their growth strategy for Keurig which include new brewer technologies, new beverage categories, new brands, and new channels. Keurig understandably demonstrates their strive for product superiority over the rest of the market. Exhibit 9 Resources and Competitive CapabilitiesResource StrengthsKeurig has developed a strong loyal customer base that spans beyond specialty coffee drinkers, and even beyond coffee drinkers for that matter, including tea and cocoa Acquirement and partnership with multiple established companies nationwide that strengthen their market share, customer base, and supply chain success bone marrow CompetenciesStrong differentiation from their competitors in terms of offering their superior K-Cups and premium roast coffee blends Their strong ability to improve upon their technology with their extremely advanced and well-rounded research and development department Distinctive CompetenciesKeurig has become an industry leader in the single cup market by vastly differentiating their products from competitors through a series of patents that revolutionize the speed and simplicity of using their coffee makers. Exhibit 10 S.W.O.T.O. AnalysisStrengthsKeurig is one of the tether innovators in the industry with one of the best research and development teams to butt them that are constantly aiming to improve their brand Expanding the firms brand vertically and geographically to gain greater market share and appeal to co nsumers by widening their beverage horizons and offering over 200 different varieties The idea that customers will continually run out of K-Cups and have to repurchase them and earning a $.04 royal line with every K-Cup sold through another brand WeaknessesKeurig, unlike many of the other industry leaders, has not firmly established itself as a strong international brand. In order to stay at the top, a company must compete with its rivals on other playing fields. There is tremendous room for growth internationally, especially with the technology Keurig has to offer Opportunities list coffee machine sales are projected to increase by 20% from 2011-2016 The specialty coffee industry is experiencing rapid growthNew iced coffee drinks are becoming more popular in the market ThreatsThe idea that some of Keurigs key patents will expire in 2012, meaning they are vulnerable to mimicking as well as potential flooding of new entrants due to the relatively low barriers to entry increase tariff s or trade barriersOptionsImplementing a green initiative to encourage recycling as well as developing biodegradable K-Cups to not outrage the environment Expanding internationally and increasing its market share Push to partner with hotels to include a Keurig coffee maker in every room

Computer Viruses

A ready reckoner virus is an illegal and potentially damaging information processing system platform designed to infect other electronic computer software by attaching itself to whatever(prenominal) software it contacts. In many cases, virus platforms are designed to harm computer systems maliciously by destroying or corrupting data. If the septic software is transferred to or accessed by another computer system, the virus spreads to the other system. viruses flip become a serious problem in recent years, and currently, thousands of cognise virus programs exist (Reed 85-102).Three types of viruses are a gripe sector viruses, turn on cabinet virus, and Trojan horse virus. A boot sector virus infects the boot program used to start the system. When the infect boot program executes, the virus is loaded into the computers memory. Once a virus is in memory, it can spread to any floppy disk inserted into the computer. A file virus inserts virus code into program files. Th e virus then spreads to any program that accesses the infected file. A Trojan horse virus (named later the Greek myth) hides within or is designed to look like a legitimate program.Some viruses interrupt processing by freezing a computer system temporarily and then displaying sounds or messages. Other viruses contain magazine breaks or logic bombs. A time bomb is a program that performs an activity on a particular date. A logic bomb is a program that performs an activity when a certain action occurs, much(prenominal) as an employee being terminated. A worm, which is similar to a virus, copies itself repeatedly until no memory or disk space remains. To detect computer viruses, antivirus programs confuse been developed.Besides the detecting of the viruses, antivirus programs also have utilities to remove or repair infected programs or files. Some damaged files cannot be repaired and must be replaced with sportsmanlike backup files. The table below outlines some techniques used to protect computer systems. Table Techniques for Virus Protection and System Backup Using Virus Protection Software Backing Up Your System Install virus protection software on every computer system.Develop a unvarying plan for copying and storing important data and program files. Before use, exhaust every floppy disk with a virus scan program to check for viruses. Implement a backup plan and adhere to its guidelines. catch out all programs downloaded from the Internet or bulletin boards for viruses. Keep backup copies of files in fireproof safes or vaults or off-site If your system becomes virus infected and you have questions, contact the National Computer Security Association (NCSA) for low-cost assistance (Elmhurst, 6 Nov. 1998).